常见硬件名和设备名
CPU：Central Processing Unit，中央处理单元，又叫中央处理器或微处理器，被喻为电脑的心脏。
RAM：Random Access Memory，随机存储器，即人们常说的“内存”。
ROM：Read－Only Memory，只读存储器。
EDO：Extended Data Output，扩充数据输出。当CPU的处理速度不断提高时，也相应地要求不断提高DRAM传送数据速度，一般来说，FPM(Fast Page Model)DRAM传送数据速度在60－70ns，而EDO DRAM比FPM快3倍，达20ns。目前最快的是SDRAM(Synchronous DRAM，同步动态存储器)，其存取速度高达10ns。
SDRAM：Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory，同步动态随机存储器，又称同步DRAM，为新一代动态存储器。它可以与CPU总线使用同一个时钟，因此，SDRAM存储器较EDO存储器能使计算机的性能大大提高。
Cache：英文含义为“(勘探人员等贮藏粮食、器材等的)地窖；藏物处”。电脑中为高速缓冲存储器，是位于CPU和主存储器DRAM(Dynamic Randon Access Memory)之间，规模较小，但速度很高的存储器，通常由SRAM(Static Random Access Memory静态存储器)组成。
CMOS：是Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor的缩写，含义为互补金属氧化物半导体(指互补金属氧化物半导体存储器)。CMOS是目前绝大多数电脑中都使用的一种用电池供电的存储器(RAM)。它是确定系统的硬件配置，优化微机整体性能，进行系统维护的重要工具。它保存一些有关系统硬件设置等方面的信息，在关机以后，这些信息也继续存在(这一点与RAM完全不同)。开机时，电脑需要用这些信息来启动系统。如果不慎或发生意外而弄乱 了CMOS中保留的信息，电脑系统将不能正常启动。
PCI：Peripheral Component Interconnection，局部总线( 总线是计算机用于把信息从一个设备传送到另一个设备的高速通道)。PCI总线是目前较为先进的一种总线结构，其功能比其他总线有很大的提高，可支持突发读写操作，最高传输率可达132Mbps，是数据传输最快的总线之一，可同时支持多组外围设备。PCI不受制于CPU处理器，并能兼容现有的各种总线，其主板插槽体积小，因此成本低，利于推广。
Seagate:美国希捷硬盘生产商。Seagate英文意思为“通往海洋的门户”，常指通海的运河等。
Quantum：英文含意为“定量，总量”。著名硬盘商标，美国昆腾硬盘生产商(Quantum Corporation)。
Maxtor：“水晶”，美国Maxtor硬盘公司。
LD：Laser Disk，镭射光盘，又称激光视盘。
CD：Compact Disc，压缩光盘，又称激光唱盘。
CD－ROM：Compact Disc－Read Only Memory，压缩光盘－只读记忆(存储)，又叫“只读光盘”。
IT新词集锦
ESB
An enterprise service bus acts as a shared messaging layer for connecting applications and other services throughout an enterprise computing infrastructure. It supplements its core asynchronous messaging backbone with intelligent transformation and routing to ensure that messages are passed reliably. Services participate in the ESB using either Web services messaging standards or the Java Message Service. ESBs are increasingly seen by users and analysts as core components in service-oriented IT infrastructures.
ESB
企业服务总线（ESB）在整个企业的计算基础设施中起到了连接应用程序与其他服务的共享消息层的作用。它是利用了智能的转换和路由辅助核心的异步消息传输，以确保信息可靠传送。服务是利用Web services消息标准或者Java Message Service，参与到ESB中。越来越多的用户和分析师把ESB看成面向服务的IT基础架构中的核心部件。
MPIO
Microsoft Corp.’s multipath I/O technology enables multipathing for Windows hosts attached to iSCSI or Fibre Channel SANs. MPIO can be used to facilitate fail-over or load balancing. A new feature in Version 2 of Microsoft’s iSCSI initiator for Windows, MPIO is likely to become the de facto standard for providing multiple communication paths between Windows hosts and IP SANs.
MPIO
微软公司的多通道I/O技术，它能使接在iSCSI或光纤通道SAN上的Windows主机实现多通道。MPIO能用于简化故障跳过或负载平衡。在微软用于Windows的iSCSI倡议书2版中，MPIO有可能成为事实上的标准，在Windows主机和IP SAN之间提供多个通信通道。
Pharming
Pharming is a scamming practice in which malicious code is installed on a personal computer or server, misdirecting users to fraudulent Web sites without their knowledge or consent. Pharming has been called “phishing without a lure.”
In phishing, the perpetrator sends out legitimate-looking e-mails, appearing to come from some of the Web’s most popular sites, in an effort to obtain personal and financial information from individual recipients. But in pharming, larger numbers of computer users can be victimized because it is not necessary to target individuals one by one and no conscious action is required on the part of the victim. In one form of pharming attack, code sent in an e-mail modifies local host files on a personal computer. The host files convert URLs into the number strings that the computer uses to access Web sites. A computer with a compromised host file will go to the fake Web site even if a user types in the correct Internet address or clicks on an affected bookmark entry. Some spyware removal programs can correct the corruption, but it frequently recurs unless the user changes browsing habits.
A particularly ominous pharming tactic is known as domain name system poisoning, in which the domain name system table in a server is modified so that someone who thinks they are accessing legitimate Web sites is actually directed toward fraudulent ones. In this method of pharming, individual personal computer host files need not be corrupted. Instead, the problem occurs in the DNS server, which handles thousands or millions of Internet users’ requests for URLs. Victims end up at the bogus site without any visible indicator of a discrepancy. Spyware removal programs cannot deal with this type of pharming because nothing need be technically wrong with the end users’ computers.
Once personal information such as a credit card number, bank account number, or password has been entered at a fraudulent Web site, criminals have the information and identity theft can be the end result.
无诱饵钓鱼欺骗
无诱饵钓鱼欺骗是一种诡秘的做法，其中恶意代码装入个人计算机或服务器，在不知不觉中或者未经用户同意将用户错误地引向骗人的网站。它被叫做“无诱饵的钓鱼”。
在钓鱼式欺骗中，为了从收信个人那里获得个人和财务信息，作恶者发送似乎是合法的电子邮件，看上去这是来自某个最流行的网站。而在无诱饵钓鱼欺骗中，由于它不是一个一个地针对个人，受害方丝毫不会怀疑这些行为，所以会有大量的计算机用户受害。其中一种无诱饵钓鱼欺骗的形式就是，随电子邮件发出的（恶意）代码修改个人计算机上的本机主文件。该主文件将URL转换成计算机访问网站的数码串。拥有修改过的主文件的计算机会去假冒的网站，即使用户键入了正确的因特网地址或者点击了受影响的书签条目。有些消除间谍件的程序能纠正此种破坏，但除非用户改变了浏览的习惯，否则它还是会频繁发生。
一种特别恶毒的无诱饵钓鱼欺骗手段叫做域名系统中毒，这时服务器中的域名系统表被修改了，这时那些认为自己在访问合法网站的人实际上被引导到了假冒的网站。在这种无诱饵钓鱼欺骗中，个人计算机的主文件不必被修改。相反，问题出在了处理成千上万因特网用户的URL请求的域名系统服务器上。受害者最终在感觉不到任何异样的情况下上了假网站。消除间谍件程序对此类无诱饵钓鱼欺骗是无能为力的，因为从技术上讲不需要最终用户的计算机出错。
一旦诸如信用卡号、银行账号或口令等信息进入了假冒网站，罪犯就拥有了这些信息，身份失窃就是必然结果。
SMI-S
The Storage Management Interface Specification（SMI-S） is a SNIA initiative to develop a common management interface for storage networks. SNIA’s work is being standardized through the InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards. Support for iSCSI within the SMI-S specification is still evolving.
SMI-S
存储管理接口规范（SMI-S）是SNIA（存储网络行业协会）倡议、为存储网络开发的公共管理接口。SNIA的工作是通过信息技术标准国际委员会实现标准化。在SMI-S中对iSCSI的支持还在演进中。
iSNS
The Internet Storage Name Service, currently an IETF draft standard, provides for both automated discovery and authentication support for iSCSI devices. The standard is expected to be finalized this year.
iSNS
互联网存储命名服务（iSNS）是目前IETF（互联网工程任务组）的标准草案，提供对iSCSI设备的自动发现和认证支持。该标准有望今年内定稿。
Podcasting
Podcasting is the preparation and distribution of audio (and possibly other media) files for download to digital music or multimedia players, such as the iPod. A podcast can be easily created from a digital audio file. The podcaster first saves the file as an MP3 and then uploads it to the Web site of a service provider. The MP3 file gets its own URL, which is inserted into an RSS XML document as an enclosure within an XML tag.
Once a podcast has been created, it can be registered with content aggregators（A content aggregator is an individual or organization that gathers Web content from different online sources for reuse or resale, such as podcasting.net or ipodder.org. People can browse through the categories or subscribe to specific podcast RSS feeds which will download to their audio players automatically when they next connect. Although podcasts are generally audio files created for digital music players, the same technology can be used to prepare and transmit images, text, and video. Various XML formats are making content easier to aggregate and redistribute.
Podcasting is similar in nature to RSS, which allows subscribers to subscribe to a set of feeds to view syndicated Web site content. With podcasting however, you have a set of subscriptions that are checked regularly for updates and instead of reading the feeds on your computer screen, you listen to the new content on on your iPod (or like device).
泡播
泡播是指制备和分发音频（可能还有其他的媒体的）文件，供下载到数字音乐或多媒体播放机，如iPod播放机。泡播很容易从数字音频文件生成。泡播者按MP3格式保存文件，然后上载到服务提供商的网站。MP3文件有它自己的URL，它被作为XML标签中的副件插入RSS XML文档中。
一旦生成了泡播，就可以在内容集中者那里登记注册（内容集中者是个人或者组织，他们从不同的在线来源收集网上内容，供重复使用或销售，如podcasting.net或ipodder.org）。人们可以浏览目录或订阅具体的泡播RSS内容，当他们再次连接订阅的内容时，会自动下载到他们的音频播放器中。虽然泡播通常是为数字音乐播放器生成的音频文件，但同一技术也能用于制备和发送图像、文本和视频。各种XML格式使内容更容易集中和重新分发。
泡播本质上与RSS相似，RSS（系“丰富（内容）站点摘要”的英文缩写）允许订阅者订阅一组反馈，以观看合作网站的内容。但是，有了泡播，你就拥有一套订阅，定期进行检查更新，用不着去阅读计算机屏幕上的反馈，而在你的iPod（或类似设备上）收听新的内容。
mickey
A mickey is a unit of measurement for the speed and movement direction of a computer mouse. The speed of the mouse is the ratio between how many pixels the cursor moves on the screen and how many centimeters you move the mouse on the mouse pad. The directional movement is called the horizontal mickey count and the vertical mickey count. One mickey is approximately 1/200th of an inch.
米鼠
米鼠是计量鼠标运动速度和方向的单位。鼠标的速度是游标在屏幕上经过了多少像素与鼠标在鼠标垫上移动了多少厘米之比。方向性移动叫做水平米鼠数和垂直米鼠数。一个米鼠大约为两百分之一英寸。
greenfield
In networking, a greenfield deployment is the installation and configuration of a network where none existed before, for example in a new office. A brownfield deployment, in contrast, is an upgrade or addition to an existing network and uses some legacy components. The terms come from the building industry, where undeveloped land (and especially unpolluted land) is described as greenfield and previously developed (often polluted and abandoned) land is described as brownfield.
绿场
联网时，绿场部署是指在以前没有网络的地方，如新的办公室，安装和配置网络。与之相反，灰场部署是指对现有的网络升级或扩容，并利用一些老式的设备。此术语出自建筑行业，未开发的（尤其是未污染的）土地称之为绿场，而以前开发过的（通常是被污染的和被废弃的）土地称之为灰场。
