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Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories (1) ____ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (2) ____ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (3) ____ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in (4) ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status (5) ____ as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, (6) ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes (7) ____ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are (8) ____ to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly (9) ____ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that (10) ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment (11) ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in (12) ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also (13) ____ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; (14) ____, children are likely to have less supervision at home (15) ____ was common in the traditional family (16) ____. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other (17) ____ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased (18) ____ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing (19) ____ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (20) ____ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
1.[A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] cementing
2.[A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because
3. [A] interactions [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation
4. [A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response
5. [A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else
6.[A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding
7. [A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with
8. [A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject
9. [A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect
0. [A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount
11. [A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length
12. [A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence
13. [A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced
14. [A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously
15. [A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as
16. [A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage
17. [A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible
18. [A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability
19. [A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity
20. [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposing
