Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective wellbeings of a social groups members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit（阻碍） attainment of the groups goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.
62. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A） The problems faced by leaders.
B） How leadership differs in small and large groups.
C） How social groups determine who will lead them.
D） The role of leaders in social groups.
63. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT .
A） recruitment
B） formal election process
C） specific leadership training
D） traditional cultural patterns
64. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?
A） person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.
B） Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.
C） A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.
D） Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.
65. In mentioning “natural leaders” in line 7, the author is making the point that .
A） few people qualify as “natural leaders”
B） there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist
C） “natural leaders” are easily accepted by the members of a group
D） “natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics
66. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on .
A） ensuring harmonious relationships
B） sharing responsibility with group members
C） identifying new leaders
D） achieving a goal
Part Ⅴ Error Correction
Direction:This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in thecorresponding blank. If you add a word, put an insertion mark （∧） in the right place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and put a slash （/） in the blank.
When we speak of a human need, we mean something
which is unnecessary to life, something we can live with. 67
Food is a human need. We will starve to death if there 68
were no food on earth; but even if we have plenty of food,
but of the wrong kind, our bodies will have problem from
lack of the right food. This is known for malnutrition（营 69养不良）.
In countries where are not developed, man's food 70
needs are the same like in the most advanced societies. We 71
all need food and could live a good life on very few types of
food. People in very developed countries eat only the kinds 72
of food which can be grown near their homes, whereas
people in developed countries eat foods which are often
grown many thousands of miles away form their homes.
People in undeveloped countries are happy with less
different kinds of foods than people in very developed ones
are, so we can say that despite the needs of the two kinds 73
of people are the same, their wants are different. People in
very developed countries eat many different types of
meat—they could live by only one, but they would be very 74
unhappy because every time what they ate was the same.
Even such special foods like chicken would be less fun to 75
eat if you had them every day. But we can't just live on
meat—we need other kinds of food like bread, rice, and
vegetables which are no more necessary to our bodies. 76
Part ⅥTranslation （5 minutes）
Direction:Complete the sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.
提示:在实考试卷中，该试题在答题卡2上。
77. Jinling Hotel, where I stayed during my first visit to Nanjing, （座落在）on Hanzhong Road.
78. I am sure we can solve the problem if we all （集思广益）.
79. Mary constantly （挑剔） her husband, which annoys him.
80. It is no good waiting for the bus, （我们不妨走回家吧）.
81. Prices are going up rapidly. Petrol now （现在汽油的价格是几年前的两倍）.
答案与解析
Part ⅠWriting
Dear Lawrence,
It has been five years since we met each other last time. How time flies! How are things with you? The happy time we spent together is always on my mind and I really hope to meet you again. As you know, Spring Festival, Lunar New Year, is the most favorable holiday for us Chinese. With its colorful and rich traditions, it is celebrated almost in every part of China. Everyone is indulged in the dominant atmosphere of joyous family reunion and with the fresh and vigorous look people greet the New Year.
The celebrations vary from place to place, but there are three traditions that have never differed throughout the country. First, the New Year's Eve dinner is a symbol of family reunion, with all family members sitting around the steaming table, tasting a variety of delicious food and wishing each other health, success and happiness. Second, people, during the holidays, will visit each other to express their best regards and wishes. And finally, we can enjoy the marvelous lion and dragon dances symbolizing happiness, good fortune and prosperity.
The day is drawing nearer, my families and I sincerely invite you to join us for this year's Spring Festival. If you'd like to, we can make further arrangements. Looking forward to your reply!
Yours,
Yuan Chao
Part ⅡReading Comprehension （Skimming and Scanning）
1. N.该句句意为:美国联邦调查局确切知道计算机犯罪造成了多大损失。本题解题依据为本文第二段 “Even the FBI,which attempts…is involved”，该句大意为:尽管FBI致力于对各种犯罪的上升和下降有清晰认识，但并不能精确说明损失多大，所以与原文之意不合。
2. Y. 该句句意为:计算机拥有者很容易利用大量计算机数据库，本题解题依据为第二段最后一段话“…the easy access of microcomputers to huge mainframe data bases.”与原文之义吻合。
3. Y. 该句句意为: 本文第三段暗示大多数利用计算机犯罪者是相关公司雇员。本题解题依据为文章第三段最后一句话，其大意为: 现实情况表明很可能是该公司雇员内部人…,与原文所述之义吻合。
4. N. 该句句意为: 许多公司不举报计算机犯罪是因为法律诉讼通常花费很多钱。解题依据为本文第九段第一和第二句话，他们不举报是害怕公众发现其计算机系统的弱点而对其丧失信心。据此可确定与原文所述不符。
5. N. 该句句意为: 当计算机犯罪在满是人的房间里发生时，通常有很多证人指证犯罪。本题解题依据为本文第六段第一句话，该句大意为:即使计算机犯罪发生在满是人的房间里，通常也无证人。据此可知该句所述之义与原文不符。
6. Y. 该句句意为:本篇文章主要是关于计算机犯罪的增长及与之作斗争的困难性，通览全文，尤其根据小标题的提示,我们不难看出文章主要论述了计算机犯罪与日俱增及难于发觉和阻止诸方面的原因，即文章的中心思想，与原文所述主旨吻合。
7. NG.该句句意为:计算机犯罪上升是因为有更多便宜的计算机。本文第二段用a，b，c列出了计算机犯罪增加的三大原因，其中并未提及计算机便宜这一点。
8. twelve 答案依据为第二段第一句话。
9. an example “…be cited as an example”,表示“引用…来作为一个例证”答案依据为文章最后一段第二句话。但原文没有直接照抄的语言，只能根据理解完成此空。
10. customer trust 答案依据为本文第九段最后一句话。
Part ⅢListening Comprehension
Section A
11. A12. B13. B14. B15. B 16. B17. D18. C19. D20. D
21. C22. A23. B24. D25. B
Section B
26. D27. B28. C29. D30. A 31.B32. B33. A34. D35. B
Section C
36~46题答案见听力文字稿
Part ⅣReading Comprehension （Reading in Depth）
Section A
47. Dfeel是一个系动词，可以判断此处应填入一个形容词，通过上下文意思，以及后面介词about, 可以确定选项为D项guilty, 短语feel guilty about sth. “对…感到有愧”。全句的意思为“我们很爱吃，但是往往在吃完之后又有负罪感”。
48. Mbe obsessed with 为固定搭配，原意为“被…附上/缠住/迷住心窍”，放在本句表示“十分重视”。全句的意思为“我们很关心健康和减肥，但肥胖却又空前地在蔓延”。
49. A本句缺一个名词作主语，并且根据和介词to的搭配，可以推断出正确选项answer.
50. I 本句根据more和ways可以判断出需要填入一个形容词构成比较级，根据上下文，表示“旨在禁止酗酒的禁酒令，却激发了更多新奇的方法来酗酒”，可以确定I为正确选项。
51. F本题较难。根据be 和by 确定应填入一个过去分词。再根据上下文，上文表示“应该吃典型的美国人吃的食物”，下文通过 but 转折，表示实际上“美国的食物已经被诸如比萨和热狗这样的舶来品所诠释了”，因此可以确定F为正确选项。
53. L由于横线后面没有宾语，可以确定不是形成bring的短语，这样本句所缺的为一名词，做bring的宾语。根据下文解释，“美国人对他们所吃的食物的态度是矛盾的”，可以推出本句意义为“坚定的观点也不是确定不变的”。因此可以确定L为正确选项。
54. K系动词become后应填入一个形容词，和后面介词of形成短语be/become suspicious of “对…感到怀疑”。
55. J本句缺一个名词作主语，并且根据和介词in的搭配，可以推断出正确选项belief，“（have）belief in sth.” 相信…。
56. C本句是一般现在时，缺一个动词，且和with 搭配，确定选项share,“share sth with sb, 与某人分享某事”。
Section B
57. B主旨题。本文三段内容均围绕短缺原料的价值进行说明。文章第一段说明了什么叫原料相对短缺，第二段说明了什么叫机会成本，第三段说明了原料的价格是由什么决定的。
58. C细节归纳题。第二段中“Every act of production uses up some of societys available resources; it means the foregoing of an opportunity to produce something else.”说明机会成本是用可生产的其他商品来衡量的，选项C正好符合该意思。
59. D细节归纳题。第一段“Materials used for one purpose cannot at the same time be used for other purposes; if the quantity of an input is limited, the increased use of it in one manufacturing process must cause it to become less available for other uses.”说明社会总资源是有限的，用掉其中一些就会使总量减少并限制其他商品的生产。
60. A细节归纳题。文章第三段“In a market economy the price of a good and the quantity supplied depends on the cost of making it”（市场经济条件下，商品的价格和产量取决于其成本）,然后又说 “The cost of, say, a pair of shoes is the price of the leather, the labor, the fuel, and other elements used up in producing them.”以鞋子为例说明商品价格是由生产要求决定的。
61. C推断题。文主要阐述了经济学里面的一个重要概念——“机会成本”，是讲商品生产和社会资源之间的关系。A、B、D均未涉及到生产领域，只有C符合本文的主旨。
62. D主旨题。本篇主要讨论不同的领导者（如instrumental leaders以及expressive leaders）在不同的社会群体中所充当的角色和发挥的功能。所以D为正确答案。A、B、C选项都不能正确概括本文主旨。
63. C细节理解题。A选项的招募（recruitment）和B选项选举程序（election process）都在第一段中作为大群体的领导者产生的方式被明确提到。D选项也在第一段中作为家庭领导者的产生的方式被明确提到。只有C选项没有作为产生领导者的一种方式在本文中被提及。
64. A推论题。A选项意思是:某一特定群体的有效领导者，不一定就可以成为另一群体的有效领导者。这正好与第二段的意思相吻合，即领导者没有一个固定的特点，只是符合了一个特定群体需要的人就有可能成为该群体的领导者（It seems…virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group）。B选项和C选项的意思与本文无关。D选项意为:许多人想成为领导者，但却很少能拿出证据来证明他们具有这样的资格。显然是对文章意思的曲解。
65. B细节理解题。第二段中“…decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of 'natural leaders'”意思是说数十年来的研究并不能找出可靠证据来证明那些人可以成为“天生领导者”，与B项意思一致。
66. D细节理解题。第三、四段主要讲了两种类型的领导者的区别。其中instrumental leader侧重于群体目标的实现，而expressive leader相对于前者并不侧重于群体目标的实现，而是注重为群体成员提供情感支持，并尽力减少内部纷争。（Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.）
Part ⅤError Correction
67. 本题考查上下文语义关系，unnecessary 改为necessary .本句句意为:我们所谈及的人的需要，是指我们生活中必不可少的东西。据此，应用肯定意义的necessary.
68. 本题考查虚拟语气用法, will改为would.根据英语语法，与一般现在事实相反的虚拟语气，条件句用一般过去时，主句用would加动词原形。
69. 本题考查搭配关系, for改为 as.“be known as，被认为是…”， “be known for，因…而众所周知”。根据题意，应是be known as,即“这被称为营养不良”。
70. 本题考查定语从句的关系词，where改为which/that.此处引导定语从句的关系词在定语从句里必须充当主语，而where 在定语从句里作地点状语，没有作主语的功能，因此，where改为which或that.
71. 本题考查固定搭配，like改为as.“the same as…，与…同样的”，为固定搭配。
72. 本题考查上下文语义关系，developed改为undeveloped.考生做此题时要有全局意识。本句与下句是发达国家和不发达国家的两个对比。本句中whereas引出转折，前部分指“欠发达国家的人们只食用在其家园附近种植的食物”，而后部分指“发达国家的人们吃的是距其家好几千英里之外生长的食物”。之所以改成undeveloped 而不是underdeveloped是因为下句中也出现了undeveloped, 作为提示。
73. 本题考查介词用法，despite改为although/though.despite是介词，不能引导句子，如要引导，必须改成 “despite the fact that…, ”。比较简洁的方法是把despite改为although或though.
74. 本题考查习惯用法，by改为on.“live on （sth.）, 继续生活, 以…为主食, 靠…生活”。“live by （doing sth.），以…为生”。本句意思为:他们可以只吃一种肉。并且下文再次出现live on作为提示。
75. 本题考查固定搭配，like改为as.such as 为固定搭配。
76. 本题考查上下文语义关系，more改为less“no more necessary,表示否定，”不重要多少“； ”no less necessary“是双重否定表示肯定，”同样必要“。
Part ⅥTranslation
77. is situated
78. put our heads together
79. finds fault with
80. we may/might as well walk home
81. petrol now is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago.
4 考试
