8． 注意词语的搭配，根据搭配选择正确答案
(1) 注意常用短语动词的辨认
动词是构成句子必不可少的成分，作为谓语动词的一部分，短语动词也是十分活跃的成分，在完形填空的考查中占有一定的比重。这类短语有两种考查方式。一是，四个选项中只有一个搭配是正确的，这是最简单的一种；另一种是，四个选项的搭配不只一个正确，这时考生需借助于上下文语义做出适当的判断。试看以下各例：
① The man who (invented) the machines of the Industrial Revolution __76__ from many backgrounds and many occupations.
76. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared
该题选项中只有一个可与from搭配，即A。
② At meal times it is a good (idea) to give a child a small portion and let him _73__ back for a second helping rather than give him as (much) as he is likely to eat all at once.
73. A. ask B. come C. return D. take
从搭配上而言，B，D都是正确的，但take back表示"收回前言，承认自己是错误的"，与本题语义不符。这里只表示"回来"，所以答案是B。
③ The word geography __74_ from two Greek words.
74. A. falls B. results C. removes D. comes
该题可有两个正确的搭配，但result from表示"起因于"，而这里表示的是单词的来源，答案应该是D。
(2) 注意动词与名词、介词和副词的搭配功能
① The initial effort to recall __77__ the mind for operation.
77. A. leads B. begins C. helps D. prepares
本题答案为D，prepare …for表示"使……做好……准备"。
② The more knowledge students have (about) the school, the easier it will be for them to __90__ to the new environment.
90. A. fit B. suit C. yield D. adapt
使自己适应新的环境应是adapt oneself to 。
③ But they will also __72__ beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a (whole).
72. A. pass B. reach C. come D. go
本题中跟与beyond搭配的只有选项D。
④ He is faced in his daily work __80__ differences in philosophy, arrangements of courses and methods of teaching.
A. toward B. with C. to D. at
与be faced搭配的介词是with。
⑤ But (if) you were to remove the skin you could not __64__ anything about the race to which the individual belonged.
64.A speak B. talk C. tell D. mention
从搭配功能上讲，只有tell可接something about。
(3)注意形容词与名词的搭配
These highways generally (connect) large urban centers which means that they become crowded with ___78_ traffic during rush hours.
78. A. large B. fast C. light D. heavy
用来修饰traffic的有light/heavy。根据上文中crowded和下文rush hours可以判断这里的正确搭配应是heavy traffic。
(4) 注意名词与介词的搭配
名词与介词所构成的固定搭配是一种常见的语言形式，也是英语完形填空测试中经常涉及的题点。对于这类搭配，考生只要平时注意识记即可。
① But they also (go) beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a __73__.
73. A. whole B. part C. unit D. total
本题答案为A，构成as a whole的搭配，意为"作为整体"。
② By the time the easier questions are answered, answers _88__ the more difficult ones will usually come into the consciousness.
88. A. to B. of C. about D. for
本题所考查的实际上是名词与介词的搭配，答案为A。
(5)注意形容词与介词的搭配
① Even if a grade is not given, the student is __77__ for learning the material assigned.
77. A. criticized B. innocent C. responsible D. dismissed
从搭配能力上来看，A，D结构也是正确的，但语义与上下文不和。答案应是C, be responsible for 表示"对……负责"，而上下文所讲的正是"学生应该对自己的学习负起责任"。
② The man had to (circle) the airport several times in order to become __85_ with the controls of the plane.
85. A. intimate B. familiar C. understood D. close
从搭配上来看，只有B是正确的，另外，从语意角度上讲也应该是B。在机场上空盘旋目的是为了熟悉飞机的驾驶操作，以便安全降落。
③ Then they answer first the ones __85__ which they are most confident.
85. A. of B. with C. for D. in
which所引导的是定语从句，所填介词是从句中介词的提前，根据从句中介词的搭配，答案应是D，"对……很自信"应该是be confident in。
9． 注意区分同义词、近义词和形似词
近几年的四级英语考试对同义词、近义词和形似词的测试逐渐增多。一般四个选项中至少有两个为近义词。对于这类考题，考生除具备一定的词语辨析的能力外，主要是看上下文的语义关系。如：
① They expect students, particularly graduate students to be able to exhaust the reference __83__ in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but __84_ that their students should not be too dependent on them.
83. A. selections B. collections C. sources D. origins
84. A. hate B. dislike C. like D. prefer
83中collections为"全集、汇编"；selections为"选集"，图书馆的资料不只是选集或汇编，所以该两个选项与语意不符。C，D意思接近，但所指有别，只"源泉、来源"，指"起源、起因"。图书馆所提供的应该是参考材料的源泉，答案应是C。
② These secondary routes may go up steel slopes, along high (cliffs), or down frightening hillsides to towns __87__ in deep valleys.
87. A. lying B. laying C. laid D. lied
本题的选择涉及到lie 和lay语义和用法区别以及非谓语动词的用法。表示"坐落"的应该是不及物动词lie, 做定语与被修饰对象之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系，应该用现在分词形式，即A。
③ At this moment, the air hostess ___73__. She looked pale, but was quite __74__.
73. A. showed B. presented C. exposed D. appeared
74. A. well B. still C. calm D. quiet
73中四个选项都有"出现、显露"方面的意思，但自身的语义特征构成了各自及物不及物的区别。A，B，C 都是及物动词，而这里应用不及物动词，表示"出现"之意，所以答案为D。
74除A外，三个选项意思接近，为近义词。但语义的侧重不同，与人连用时，still表示"站着不动"，quiet表示"安静，不乱说，乱动"，calm则表示人，"镇定、平静"。上文的"脸色苍白"，说明了"恐惧"的存在，而一般在这种状态下，人们的行为会有些失常，表现出不够"镇定"，"不能泰然处之"。句中but的使用，所以，答案应该是C。
④ If the father says he hates fat meat or the mother __67_vegetables in the child's hearing he is _68__ to copy the procedure.
67. A. opposes B. denies C. refuses D. offends
68. A. willing B. possible C. obliged D. likely
67四个选项都具有否定的含义。由上文来看，这里所表示的应该是母亲不喜欢吃蔬菜之类的含义。四个选项中，A搭配不对，因oppose后一般不接表示具体事物的名词。deny表示"拒绝给予"，意思不符，offend表示"冒犯，触怒"，与vegetable搭配不当。refuse表示"拒绝"，即"拒绝吃蔬菜"，为正确选项。
68中有两种选项：A，B表示与"意愿"有关的概念；B，D表示"可能性"。从上下文的语义发展来看，应该是可能性。B，D两个选项中，B句法结构不对，答案为D。
⑤ Human brains are the __68___.
68. A. same B. identical C. similar D. alike
四个选项都表示"相同"的概念，对于这四个词的选择，考生不必去分析每个词之间的语义差别，最好是从搭配上入手。四个单词中只有same与定冠词连用，答案自然是A。
⑥ Long before they graduate from high school, these students take special _72__ to prepare for advanced study.
72. A. courses B. disciplines C. majors D. subjects
除B之外，其它三个选项都与"课程"有关，subject是"学科""科目"， major表示"专业"， course意为"课程"。另外从搭配来看，能与take搭配的也只是选项A。
⑦Some high school students may be _76__ to have an interview with representatives of the university.
76. A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required
A，D为形似词，意思差别很大，考生要注意区分。根据招生的安排，大学老师与考生见面并非强制性行为，而是对报考考生的一个要求，答案为D。
⑧They are _78__ to show that they have a good attitude and the _79__ to succeed.
78. A. decided B. intended C. settled D. determined
79. A. power B. ability C. possibility D. quality
78中四个选项都可表示"决定"，但能构成be + ved结构的却只有D。从语义角度上讲，面试考生要展示的是自己的能力，而非可能性。A与能力似乎有点联系，但具体地来说，表示的是"权利"，"能源"，所以79题的正确选项应该是B。
10． 运用语法知识
四级完形填空中也相当一部分是考查语法的试题，主要集中在虚拟语气、定语从句和状语从句和倒装句。
(1)根据虚拟语气选择时态
If all places __87_ alike, there would be little need for geographers.
87. A. being B. are C. be D. were
本题是对虚拟从句中时态的考查。首先，从主句的时态可以判断这是个虚拟条件句，从句中应该使用虚拟语气。四个选项中只有D是虚拟语气的结构，答案为D。
(2)根据句子的虚拟条件选择连词
Even those who had little or no training in science might not have made their inventions _89__ a ground-work had not been laid by scientists years before.
89. A. as B. if C. because D. while
本题所考查的是虚拟条件从句与其它从句的区别。从上下文的语义和主从句的时态可以判断，这里是虚拟语气，答案为B。
(3) 正确判断定语从句
只有当确定定语从句以后，才能正确地选择关系词。在定语从句的确定中，首先确定关联词所连接的是一简单句，并列句还是从句，尤其是在两句之间有逗号相隔的情况下。如：
① The word geography (comes) from two Greek words, ge, the Greek word for "earth", and graphein, __75_ means "to write".
75. A. what B. that C. which D. it
可以判断the Greek word for "earth",为同位语，用来说明解释 ge， 从句法结构的对称来看graphein 后也应该是用来解释说明graphein的，这就说明，graphein后不是一个简单句，而是一个定语从句，从逗号的使用可以很容易判断，并且是一个非限制性定语从句，说明答案为C。
② He invited a lot of people to his birthday party, all of ____ were professors.
A. them B. whom C. which D. those
这句话涉及定语从句的辨别。如果填them，就成了一个简单句，但两句之间没有连词，不符合英语的句法要求。如果填whom则为非限制性定语从句，对主句内容进行补充说明。
(4) 注意定语从句的关系词的运用
有时，四个选项都是定语从句的关系词，很显然是考查定语从句关系词的使用。在关系词的选择中可从两点去考虑，一是先行词为何，二是关系词在定语从句中的作用。如：
① Through these less direct routes, longer and slower, they generally go to place __88_ the air is clean and the scenery is beautiful, and the driver may have a (chance) to get a fresh, clean (view) of the world.
88. A. there B. which C. when D. where
这一个定语从句关系词的考查题。其中三个选项都可做定语从句的关系词。根据定语从句的先行词，以及先行词在从句中的作用，可以判断，本题答案为D。
② The behavior and ideals of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new __79__ is better and higher than anything (in) the past.
79. A. that B. what C. whichever D. whatever
先行词是something， 关系词在从句中做主语，说明，关系词应该是that，即A。
③ These highways generally (connect) large urban centers which means that they become crowded with (heavy) traffic during rush hours, __79_ the "fast, direct" way becomes a very slow route.
79. A. when B. for C. but D. that (CET4-90.1)
