例2.… She adds:"Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think they've gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down (使…不突出)their visibility. "Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight.
Q:The best title for this passage would be ______ .
(A) pole of women and Minorities in Management
(B) The Importance of Being Visible
(C) Job Performance and Advancement
(D) Sex and Career Success
(分析:选B项,属主旨大意题型。冒号前面的内容讲的是女人和黑人常因自己的肤色和性别而畏首畏脚,不愿张扬自己,这样很难得到老板提拔。冒号后内容即建议他们要象白人一样善于突出自己并引人注意。此即全篇文章主旨,故选B项。)
例3.… Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Lab our is simply another factor of production to be hired - rented at the lowest possible cost - much as one buys raw materials or equipment.
Q:Which of the following applies to the management of human resources in American companies?
(A) They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skills.
(B) They see the gaining of skills as their employees' own business.
(C) They attach more importance to workers than equipment.
(D) They only hired skilled workers because of keep competition.
(分析:选B项,属归纳事实细节题。文章主要意思讲美国大公司忽视人力资源管理。带破折号的句子是进一步解释,阐述这一主旨,强调劳动力仅被视为生产的最廉价因素--就象去买原料或装置一样。我们由此归纳,总结出美国公司把员工技能的培养看作员工自己的事。
例4:"Alternative fuels such as natural gas, burned in internal-Combustion engines, could be introduced at relatively low cost, but they would lead to only marginal reductions in pollution and greenhorns emissions (especially because oil companies are already spending billions of dollars every year to develop less of polluting types of gasoline).
Q:Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
(A)The decline of public transportation accounts for increased…
(B)cars are popular in western Europe even though fuel prices …
(C)The reduction of vehicle use is the only sustainable option…
(D)Western European oil companies cannot sustain the cost of developing new-type fuels.
(分析选B项 属推理题。此题虽需通阅全文才能做出。但命题者针对小括号内内容出了一干扰项D项。D项内容与文中小括号内容是有出入的,故错。)
注:至引号处的考点,前面引用处常考一项已分析过。
8、段首,段尾句常考
在短文中第一段首句或末段末句往往是文章中心思想的表达处;有时某一段的段首,段尾句是该段的主题句。因此,命题者常在这些地方出题。题型基本上属主旨大意型。
例1.The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has conviced many of the worlds great writers. Before considering this question, …
Q:The passage is probably intended to answer the question _____ .
(A) Is war inevitable?
(B) why is there conflict and competition?
(C) Is conflict desirable?
(D) Can competition lead to conflict?
(分析:选A。属段首主旨大意型。文章开头一句话即点明了文章中心思想,下面内容均围绕这一思想展开的。)
例2.…"They think that if you work hard, …"She adds, Most women and blacks … because of their sex or color that play down (使…不突出)their visibility."Her advice to those folk . Learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight." (见《分册》P74页例8)
Q:The best title for this passage would be _________ .
(A) Role of women and Minorities in Management.
(B) The Importance of Being Visible
(C) Job Performance and Advancement
(D) Sex and Career Success.
(分析:选B项,属段尾主旨大意型。文章开头就指出女人和黑人加入管理阶层之后,出现了一些新的观点。文中又介绍了Coleman观点及Kaleel Jamision 的评论,最后通过Kaleel Jamision的建议才点出文章中心意思。)
例3.It is natural for yours people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame them for most of the misunderstands between them. They have always complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they are possessive and dominate; that they do not trust their children to deal with crisis; that they talk too much about certain problems --and that they have no sense of humor, at least in parent-child relationships.
Q:The first paragraph is mainly about ________.
(A) the teenager's criticism of their parents.
(B) misunderstandings between teenagers and their parents.
(C) the dominance of the parents over their children.
(D) the teenagers' ability to deal with crisis.
(分析:选12项。属某一段落段首主旨大意型。此段第一句就指出年轻人批评其父母,认为他们的父母对他们之间的误解负责,这是很正常的事。然后用五个that 引导的宾语从句来阐述他们对父母不满的原因。段落结构一目了然,故知首句是中心思想。)
例4:… These definition are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably and essential and desirable element of human societies.
Q:In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions of some terms in order to _______ .
(A)argue for the similarities between animal societies and human societies
(B) smooth out the conflicts in human societies.
(C) distinguish between two kinds of opposition.
(D) summarize the characteristic features of opposition and cooperation.
(分析:选C项。属某一段段尾主旨大意型。文章此段给出了conflict (矛盾)和competition (竞争)的定义,然后进一步阐述了两种对抗(opposition)在很多情况下的不同。作者最后两句又强调了"These definitions are necessary because …"。很明显作者是想通过定义这两个词从而区分这两种对抗。
9、词汇问题常考
词汇是四级阅读理解测试中重要的一项。词汇类其实也是就细节进行提问,词汇题往往要求对文章中的某个单词、短语甚至句子等找出近义词或最合适的解释。因此考生可以利用上下文的特定语境推断生词的意思。阅读理解中词汇类问题的常见提问方式有下列几种:
(1)According to the author ,the word "…"means_______.
(2)What does the author probably mean by"..."in...paragraph?
(3) Which of the following is nearest in meaning to "…"?
(4) From the passage, we can infer that the word"..."is ____.
(5) The term ".."in paragraph… can be best replaced by ….
(6) What does the author probably mean by"..."in...paragraph?
(7)What's the meaning of "…"in line …of paragraph….?
(8)As used in the line …, the word "…"refers to _______.
一般来说,在文章的阅读中解决释义的最好的办法是猜测词义。猜测词义也需要一定的技巧,可以通过1)上下文间意义的联系;2)同义关系,反义关系;3)词的定义;4)对词的解释和举例;5)构词法知识猜测词义。
1. 利用上下文词语意义的互相联系猜测词义
Example :The fishermen make their canoes from tree trunks .They go from island to island in these light narrow boats and collect turtles' eggs.
我们从上下文中可以得出以下信息:"canoes"是一种渔夫用树木做的、来回于岛屿之间的、轻狭长的、类似于小船之类的东西。尽管我们可能还不能肯定它的确切解释,但这一生词已经不会影响我们的阅读和理解了。
Example :Jogging has become very popular in some countries ,It is believed to be a good exercise for old people ."Jogging"的意思通过"a good exercise for old people "可以推断出是一种适合老年人的运动方式。
2. 利用文章中词与词的同义和反义关系猜测词义 Example :If you happened to be sitting in the woods outside the city ,you might have witnessed a strange sight . You would have seen a very proud looking man riding along horseback , saying something.
在文章中可以很容易地判断出"witnesss"的同义关系词是"seen",因此"witness"就是看见的意思。
Example :In the northern regions the winters are generally cold and humid ,and the summers hot and dry .
显然,冬天和夏天的气候是截然相反的,它们的修饰词的意思也应该截然相反。"cold"与"hot"对应,"humid"与"dry"对应。因此,"humid"是"潮湿" 意思。
3.利用比较关系
Example: The Asian monkey like other apes, is specially adapted for life in trees.
如果不认识ape ,但认识monkey ,这里用like把ape和monkey进行比较,还用了一个other说明monkey可能是ape的一种,即ape也就是“猿类”的意思了。