（一）．短文改错应试技巧
1. 务必先快速浏览全文，把握话题和大意。然后细读要求改错的那行文字，看看每一个词是否有语义语法上的错误。如果本行或本句内找不出词汇语法上的错误，要特别注意一下上下文，看看是否有逻辑错误。做题时思路要开阔，考虑每类词汇可能出现的错误。特别注意以下一些常设置的考点：
1） 对于本行内出现的两个形容词adjective，考虑一下是否应为副词，或涉及形容词的词汇错误，如比较级最高级等，甚至反义词；副词亦如此。
2） 对于本行内出现的系动词，助动词，考虑单复数和时态问题。
3） 对于本行内出现的现在分词-ing，考虑一下是否应为过去分词-ed，反之亦然。
4） 对于本行内出现的介词，考虑是否能与动词，形容词，名词构成正确的搭配。
5） 对于本行内出现的连词，读一下上下文是否文意顺畅。
6） 对于本行内出现的代词，考虑一下用单数形式还是复数形式。
7） 如果每个词都找不出问题，看是否漏掉了词，如冠词等。
（二）常见错误类型
A.一致性方面的错误
① 主谓一致: 主谓不一致错误是CET-6综合改错题内容之一，主要表现为主语名词与谓语动词间隔较长，首尾不能相接，造成视觉上的混淆。
例： The president of the company, together with the employees who have got their salaries for months, are planning a conference for the purpose of solving financial problems.
② 名词单复数: 有时名词可以不用复数，但是在特定的句子中由于前面有明确的量词修饰，如many, several, a number of, a variety of等等，就要变成复数形式。
例： Computers, which we all know have taken great changes in the past few decades, has many possible use in different fields.
③ 代词与先行词一致
代词的主要功能是指代已出现的名词、词组或一个意群，因此代词的出现必须有所指，而且形、数等必须与前面所代的部份相符。这是代词改错的核心。
例：A knowledge of several languages is essential to other majors' study because without them one can read books only in translation.
A man surrounded by flames and smoke generally considers that jumping out of a second-floor window is an acceptable risk to save their life.
B.时态、语态、虚拟语气
① 时态错误: 在一篇结构完整、语义连续的短文中，时态的使用也应该连贯一致，但是英语表示时间时，主句和从句时态可能不一致，却仍表明完整正确的意思。这就要求同学对英语敏感，准确判断句中动作的时态。
例： He can't remember what he once knows when he was still in that small town.
② 语态错误
在CET-6综合改错题中最常见的语态错误是被动语态被误用为主动语态。因为汉语表达习惯上有时不加“被”字也能表示被动，因而同学对被动语态不敏感。另外，不及物动词不能携带宾语，因而也就没有被动语态。
例：She was very angry at not telling the truth when she listened to the account.
③虚拟语气错误
虚拟语气的使用错误在综合改错题中主要表现为主句和从句的语气不协调。
例：We strongly suggest that Henry, president of
注意假冒伪劣虚拟语气！
His pale face and hollow eyes suggest that he play PC games all night.
C.连接词、并列句、从属句
这类错误常常不易被发现，因为它不属于句子内部的语言知识，而是句子与句子之间的串联的关系。要想把这类错误纠正出来，需要同学对文章有总体的理解，头脑中有个大的框架。一般改错中的连词错误都会使句子的逻辑关系发生改变，或造成句子的语义逻辑混乱。 例：Science is the production of new knowledge that can be applied or not, since technology is the application of knowledge to the production of some products, machinery or the like.
D.形容词、副词比较级、最高级
这类错误主要考较不常见的形容词、副词的比较级形式。一般来讲，同学不难掌握。
例：Microwave ovens are generally more costlier than common ovens.
E.平行结构
平行结构错误主要指在连接词and前后语法结构不对等、不平行。
例：Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help deciding which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to dropping.
F.非谓语动词
非谓语动词是令人头疼的改错类型，它包括不定式、分词、动名词。六级改错中主要出现的是非谓语动词与主要谓语动词之间的混淆。
例：The idea that learn a foreign language is hard work is realized by every student.
G.固定搭配
固定搭配主要包括动词、形容词、名词同介词的搭配以及其它许多惯用法等。解答这类题的关键在于同学掌握大量的短语及固定搭配。
例：It also takes rise to a blurring of the distinction between science and technology.
H.词性错误
词性误用句中，错误主要表现在形容词、名词、副词上。做这类改错题，首先要判断词性及词在句中的位置，然后根据它们在句中所处的位置来确定词性是否正确。一般说来，形容词修饰名词，副词修饰动词，副词修饰形容词。
例：We are not necessary capable of doing such an exacting job.
I.易混淆的词
英语词汇中有很多词在拼写上、语义上很相似，如assure/ensure, rise/arise/raise, effect/affect,但是它们的用法却迥然不同。这些易混淆的词构成六级改错的一个重要错误类型。economic/economical/financial
（三）真题中错误类型再回顾
一、语言结构错误占很大比例
1.单复数概念。这是最简单、最基本的语法规则,但是由于它本身的特殊用法较多, 加之同学的词汇量、语义场的水平差异大,不可能人人都能完全答对。
1:This dream...was to find a piece of place, and build a house for one's family...(CET-6,9,03)
2:Can we be so bold as to suggest that we may be able to colonize other planet within the not-too-distant future?(CET-6, 1,00)
2.主谓一致。主谓一致也是英语的基本知识范畴。然而由于英语中的集体名词、不定代词、指示代词、主谓倒装等特殊变量的存在,给语言学习者带来许多不好把握的地方。
1:...but behind it lies two myths...(CET-6,6,02) 2:...perhaps one in every seven deaths in Europe's crowded cities were caused by the disease.(CET-6,6,01) 此句的难点在于介词短语又多又长,容易干扰答题者的语法观念。
3.时态的前后一致。时态的前后一致,应属于初级英语学习者掌握的语法概念。然而有些段落时空交叉频繁和复合句中的分句特殊规则, 这些会给时态观念薄弱的同学造成障碍。
These small households were portraits of independence: the entire family, mother, father, children, even grandparents-live in a small house and working together to support each other.(CET-6,9,03)
4.介词的灵活搭配和固定搭配。介词变化无穷。它的使用没有百分之百的规则,只有具备语篇中的灵活性,而这种灵活性又具有相当的固定性和规范性。
例1:This is new is the scale.
此句中有两个is,说明其中一个是误用。根据文章上下文意思"它们在规模大小方面的不同之处倒是人们应该研究的新动向",我们可以把第二个is改成in。
2: Then, about ten thousand years ago, when this immensely long formative period of hunting for food, they became farmers.(CET-6,1,02) 从语法词性的搭配习惯考虑
二、语义前后不顺,缺乏逻辑性
有些考题乍一看没有问题, 这时同学就不妨抛开语法问题, 重点审查该句与上一句或下一句的逻辑关系。
1.用词不当。这种错误使语言含糊不清。
1: Anyone understood the life and death importance of family cooperation and hard work.(CET-6,9.03)
例2:...a few generations late, sends them flooding out again to the suburbs.(CET-6, 6,02)
该句中的late不符合上下文意思,因为late仅表示"迟到"而没有"以后"的意思,要想表达"几代之后(几十年后)"就应该用a few generations later。later有"……以后,最近"的意思。
2.语义逻辑合理、前后意义连贯。有个别考题是考查学生的逻辑推断能力。启示：人们说话或写文章一般应思路明确、顺畅,不能前后矛盾、颠三倒四。
1:Under this pressure their whole way of life, even if their bodies, became radically changed.
2:When
归纳: 词汇、语法、和语篇方面的错误（语篇方面的也是借助前两者）。因此：
1. 语法要点需要快速复习（看一遍语法条目和例题）
考试时不妨写下清单对照搜索短文里的错误，非常有效！
1．动词时态、语态；
2. 非谓语动词；
3. 连接词（让步、转折、时间、从属、条件、原因、对比、方式、目的、结果）；
4. 一致性（时态一致、主谓一致、指代一致）；
5. 形容词和副词（混用、比较级和最高级）；
6. 倒装；
7. 虚拟语气；
常见基本技能再锤炼
1. People are earning higher wages and salaries. This leads to changes
in the way of life. As income goes down, people may not want more __________
food to eat or more clothes to wear.
2. Traditionally, the American farmer has always been independent and
hard-working. In the eighteenth century farmers were quite self-sufficient.
The farm family grew and made almost nothing it needed. __________
3. Blood pressure drugs definitely help some people live after a heart attack,
but these same drugs may be both necessary and harmful for those with __________
only mild blood pressure problems.
4. If he was present because of illness, there was often no job for him when __________
he returned. Since there were always many other workers to take his job,
he was likely to be hired if he asked for more money. __________
II. 逻辑关联错误
1. In the theatre, two young Americans sat before me. I had to change my angle
every time the young lady leaned over to talk to him and he leaned over to kiss her _________
2. In 1860, because some of the farm population had moved to the city, yet __________
eighty percent of the American population was still in the country.
3. The farmer rose at dawn or before it and had much work to do, with
his own muscles as his chief source of power. He used axes, spades and other __________
complicated tools on the farm.
III. 介词错误（考查较多。防范方法：注意其原始含义;注意固定搭配）
1. More and more people live in towns and cities instead on farms __________
and in villages.
2. Cities and states have to provide services city people want, such like more __________
police protection, more hospitals, and more schools.
3. There are maybe sound medical reasons for accepting electrical shock
treatment, but such reasons are totally dependent in the balance of risks and __________
benefits for the patients.
4. Similarly, we feel comfortable with people who possess
physical qualities similar as ours. __________
5. You may have noticed about how people who live and work __________
closely come to behave in a similar way.
6. It seems that the progress of man includes a rising volume of noise.
In every home, a stereo or television will fill the rooms sound. __________
7. Men have explored parts of the moon, and possibly within the decade will land
into another planet and explore it. __________
8. But perhaps we should look at both sides of the coin before arriving
to hasty conclusion, which may turn out unfavorable results. __________
9. Immediately before him was a very flat piece of bread that looked to him, very
much as a napkin, so he put it across his collar. __________
IV。指代错误
1. While technology makes this possible for four or even six __________
billion of us to exist, it also eliminates our job opportunities.
2. Traditionally, work determines our way of life. But if 98 percent
of us don’t need to work, what are we going to do with oneself? __________
3. The widespread use of such electrical appliances means that there
is a need for servicemen to keep it running properly. __________
4. …a man surrounded by flames and smoke generally considers that
jumping out of a second-floor window is an acceptable risk to save its life. __________
5. The workingman had little schooling beyond his craft, and there
was little hope that their children would have anything better. __________
6. In the nineteenth century, farm work and life were not much
changed from that they had been in old days. __________
V. V. 非谓语动词
1. Deciding how much discomfort and risk we are preparing to put __________
up with in the name of better health is a highly personal matter, not
a decision we should leave to doctors alone.
2. They believed that it was good business to hire men, women and
children as cheaply as possible, make them worked as hard as they __________
could and, when they became inefficient, worn out, or unable to work
for any reason, discharge them.
3. Unconsciously, we copy those we are close to or love or
admire. So a sportsman’s individual way of walking
with raised shoulders is imitated by an admired fan; … __________
4. Even the quiet of our carefully protected wildness
areas can be invaded at any moment by a passed jet. __________
VI. 一致
1. Traditionally, work determines our way of life. But if 98
percent of us doesn’t need to work, what are we going to do with ourselves? __________
2. Advances in technology, especially after the industrial revolution,
has also changed people’s lives. ____________
3. Whether women who have started a career will attain pay
equality with man rest on at least two factors. __________
4. The small college, however, generally provides a limited number
of courses and specializations, but offer a better student-faculty __________
ratio, thus permitting individualized attention to students.
小试牛刀
1. A few months after returning back the States from Germany, I attended 1._______
a college course in French. Since I have already learned 2._______
to speak German good in Germany, I thought it might be a lot 3._______
interested to take up another language course. 4._______
At the first class, the French teacher asked us to do a pronunciation exercises 5._______
in it he would say a word or two in French, clearly and slowly, 6._______
then we students would do our best to copy the French words. Finally, 7._______
he came to me, kept me saying more English words, and listened 8._______
amusingly(好笑地). After a few minutes, I felt I was made a fool,
but asked him why. “Well, I find it great fun,” the teacher explained 9._______
it. “In the past two decades of my teaching career, it’s the first time I 10._______
have heard an American speak French with a German accent.”
来个难点的。
2.
|
Drunken driving—sometimes called America’s social accepted form of murder—has become a national epidemic. Every hour of every day about three Americans on an average are killed by drunken drivers, adding to an incredible 250,000 over the past decade. A drunken driver is usually defined as one with a 0.10 blood alcohol content or roughly three beers, glasses of wine or shots of whisky drunk within two hours. Heavy drinking used to be an unacceptable part of the American macho（男子汉气概） image and judges were lenient（宽大的） in most courts, but the drunken-slaughter has recently caused so many good-publicized tragedies, especially involving young children, that public opinion is no longer so tolerant. Twenty states have raised the legal drinking age to 21, reversing a trend in the 1960s to reduce it to 18. After New Jersey lowers it to 18, the number of people killed by 18-to-20-year-old drivers more than doubled, so the state recently upped it back to 21. Reformers, however, fear raising the drinking age will have little affect unless accompanied by educational programs to help young people to develop “responsible attitudes” towards drinking and teach them to resist peer pressure to drink. Tough new laws have led to increase arrests and tests and in many areas already, to a marked decline in fatalities. Some states are also penalizing bars for serving customers too many drinks. Although the fatalities continue to occur daily in every state, some Americans are even beginning to speak well of the 13 years national prohibition of alcoholic that began in 1919, which President Hoover called the “noble experiment”. They forget that legal prohibition didn’t stop drinking, but discouraged political corruption and organized crime. As with the booming drug trade generally, there is no easy solution. |
1.________________ 2.________________ 3.________________ 4.________________ 5.________________ 6.________________ 7.________________ 8.________________ 9.________________ 10._______________ |
1.测试同学对篇章的理解能力
2.测试同学对语法结构的理解和综合运用能力
1.词汇辨义题；
2.习惯用法及固定搭配题；
3.语法结构题；
4.逻辑推理题。
1. 快速浏览全文；
2. 仔细阅读每一句话，通过语法判断猜测缺失的内容的成分性质和可能的含义
3. 从选项中寻找与预期相同的单词或代入核查语义是否与上下文吻合
完型填空的信息链必须完整！前一个句子经常为后面句子提高信息支持！
Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (青少年犯罪) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories (21)____ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22)____ they were not sufficiently punished for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23) ____ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society argue that children commit crimes in (24) ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status (25) ____ as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, (26) ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes (27) ____ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative (实验性) and are (28) ____ to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly (29) ____ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that (30) ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment (31) ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in (32) ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also (33) ____ changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; (34) ____, children are likely to have less supervision at home (35) ____ was common in the traditional family (36) ____. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other (37) ____ causes of offensive acts include failure in school, the increased (38) ____ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing (39) ____ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (40) ____ a direct cause-effect relationship has not been established.
21.[A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] cementing
22.[A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because
23. [A] interactions [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation
24. [A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response
25. [A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else
26.[A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding
27. [A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with
28. [A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject
29. [A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect
30. [A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount
31. [A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length
32. [A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence
33. [A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced
34. [A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously
35. [A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as
36. [A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage
37. [A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible
38. [A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability
39. [A] occurrence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity
40. [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposing
一、简答题之基本要义：准+变+简
充分利用简答与阅读理解的共性(如出题的位置)
1. 通读小提示：迅速浏览带汉语注释的词汇。Why?
2. 定位有窍门：数字、专有名词当先锋
3. 利用and, or, by等常见词预测答案形式，以准确做答
4. 答案的方式：从词、句式结构方面改变原文。
2分——答出全部内容，语言正确 1分——答出部分内容，语言正确
——语言错误扣0.5分(大小写和标点忽略不计)
——涉及无关内容扣0.5分；答案中有相互矛盾的内容，则内容矛盾部分不得分。
——整句原封不动照搬扣分，照搬一句扣0.5分；照搬两句及两句以上不得分；
——所给答案超过10个单词扣0.5分。
1. 通读（与阅读理解方式相同）
2. 阅读问题回原文搜索定位
3. 仔细阅读原文相关句子，判断答案是否在本句，如无，根据问题性质向旁边搜索。
4. 搜索到能够回答问题的原文后，根据问题的提法(why? How? when___? If___?)，整理答案。
3. 检查
Culture shock is so named because of the effect it has on people when they enter a new culture. Experts have been interested in these effects and have agreed on five basic stages of culture shock. These stages are general and should only be used as a reference. Not every individual will go through each stage, and one stage may last longer that another for different individuals.
The hardest thing for most travelers to deal with is the emotional “roller coaster” they seem to be riding. One moment they feel very positive toward the new culture, and the next moment very negative. It seems common that international visitors and immigrants vacillate between loving and hating a new country. Feelings of separation and alienation can be intensified if they do not have a sense of fitting in or belonging.
Fatigue is another problem people face when entering a new culture. There can be a sense of a greater need for sleep. This is due not only to physical tiredness, but also to mental fatigue. This mental fatigue comes from straining to comprehend the language, and coping with new situations. The impact of culture shock can vary from person to person. There can be significant differences because some people may be better prepared to enter a new culture. Four factors which play into these are personality, language ability, length of stay, and the emotional support received.
It is logical to think that when people are deprived of their familiar surroundings they will feel disoriented. One solution some have found is to bring a few small reminders of home. Pictures, wall hangings, favorite utensils, and keep sakes are all good candidates to make things feel more familiar.
Another helpful activity is to establish little routines that become familiar over time. Even better is fitting things that were part of the regular routine back in the home country into the routine established in the new culture. This will make people feel more at home.
Questions:
1. According to Paragraph. one, experts show their interest in
____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________
____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________.
2. Emotional “roller coaster” refers to
____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________
____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________.
3. When entering a new culture, travelers will feel________if they don’t find themselves fitting in or belonging to this culture.
____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________
____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________.
4. People will feel confused and unsettled when
____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________
____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________.
5. According to the author, the more effective way to solve “cultural shock” is
____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________
____________ _____________ ____________ ____________ ____________.
未讲部分答案
阅读：P16
Passage VI. 31-35 ADCAB
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