二、 大学英语四级完形填空测试要点
从干扰项的设计来看，近几年完形填空大体有以下特点:
1． 搭配题
1) 名词与介词的搭配，如95年的answers to ( answers __88__the more difficult ones)；
2) 形容词和介词的搭配 be confident in ( the ones __85__which they are most confident)；
3) 动词与介词的搭配，如97年的take sth for granted (Take it __69__ granted that he likes everything),98年的judge …from (We judge race usually __62__ the colouring of the skin), get to work ( before __82__ to work) 和 adapt to ( the easier it will be for them to _____ to the new environment)；
4) 动词和名词的搭配，如98年的 take step ( there may be one more step they have to ___81___ before registering for classes and ___82__ to work) ；
5) 副词与分词的搭配,如98年的well prepared (they may also take one of more examinations that test how _73__ prepared they are for the university)等等。
这些都是常用的固定搭配,考生只要平时多加注意，在考试中便可轻松应对。
2．短语
另外一类比较简单的选项为短语，这些也大都是约定俗成的，如95年的take place，come from，97年的have an idea, come back, 98年的in the past, 2000年的learn by heart。
3．上下文线索
名词、动词、形容词的选择题中，大多情况下是四个选项没有任何联系，语义差别也比较大，选择时需根据上下文进行语意方面的判断，多数情况下，上下文中有同现和复现现象，考生应注意利用这些提示。
三、 完形填空解题技巧
(一)注意词汇知识的运用
完形填空中对词的考查以实词为主，如形容词、动词、副词等。其中有相当一部分词汇题中各个选项之间并无大的联系。这类题要求考生应从上下文的语义入手，根据各选项单词的意思和结构进行选择。
1． 注意动词自身的结构功能
对动词来说，一般从两点设干扰项，一是动词的结构功能，如能不能接宾语，接什么样的宾语，能不能接复合宾语；二是上下文的语义要求。有相当部分选择题考生只从结构上就可做出正确的判断。 如：
① Individuals of every race __76__ civilization to go backward or forward.
76. A. make B. cause C. move D. turn
根据动词的句法功能可以判断答案为B。
② Some high school students may be __76__ to have an interview with representatives of the university.
A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required
根据四个选项的句法功能可以排除A，B两个选项。从常识来看，大学招生时的面试是一项"要求"，而非一项"命令"，所以答案为D。
2． 注意分析动词所包含的肯定/否定含义与上下文的关系
在做动词选择题时，除观察动词自身的结构功能之外，还应注意其语义特点，比如，有的单词含有肯定含义，有的却有否定的含义。考生可借助这一特点，分析具体的上下文。如：
Do not talk too much to the child __75_ meal times, but let him get on with his food, and do not _76__ him to leave table immediately after a meal or he will __77__learn to swallow his food __78__ he can hurry back to his toys.
75. A. on B. over C. by D. during
76. A. agree B. allow C. force D. persuade
77. A. hurriedly B. soon C. fast D. slowly
78. A. so B. until C. lest D. although
76题动词的选择依赖于上下句意思的需要。从四个选项的结构功能来看，A不对，因为agree后不能接复合宾语。从语意角度来看，A，B包含否定的含义，C，D包含肯定的含义。"不同意/允许孩子马上离开"即阻止孩子离开， 而"不强迫/说服孩子马上离开"即允许孩子离开，只是不采用强制的手段。根据下文"否则孩子会养成狼吞虎咽的习惯以便尽快地回去玩自己的玩具"，答案应是B。可见，动词的选择不仅应看其句法功能，还需根据上下文确定其语义要求。
3．注意分析上下文的情景
结构是为意思服务的，在完形填空中大部分选项只看动词的结构功能是很难判断的，考生应注意分析上下文的情景。对于行为动词的选择应想象当时所发生的事情，根据"目睹的所发生的事情"进行选择。如：
③ The plane was moving unsteadily through the air, and __71__ the passengers had fastened their seat belts, they were suddenly __72__ forward.
71. A. although B. while C. therefore D. then
72. A. shifted B. thrown C. put D. moved
虽然72中的四个动词都能与forward.搭配，但根据飞机在空中如此颠簸的情况，乘客应该是被"抛向前方"。另外，shift一般还表示左右摇摆为多，put forward一般做"提出(建议)"解，move forward是"向前移动"可能是乘客从座位上走下来，向前漫漫移动，与当时飞机上的情形不符。
4． 注意上下句的联系，不要孤立地根据一句进行判断
完形填空不同于"词汇语法填空"之处就于，在完形填空所依赖的上下文比词汇语法填空要大的多。在做完形填空时，考生必须仔细阅读上下文，切不可只凭一句的提示进行判断。如：
It later became a custom to write directions on small cards, or "etiquette", as to how visitors should dress themselves and ___81__ during an important ceremony at the royal court. (Thus) the word "etiquette" began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow.
81. A. act B. prepare C. respond D. follow
该题中四个选项意思差别很大，也没有结构上的特殊要求，只能根据上下文的意思确定选项。本句所处短文所要说明的是词语的演变问题。该句所表达的是在法语中"etiquette"是一种卡片，用来书写提示，提示客人应该穿什么衣服，以及在仪式上应注意的事项，即言谈举止应注意的问题，再结合下文的to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow可以判断本题答案应是A。
5． 注意词汇与话题的同现
每个单词都有其适应的空间，其适合的话题，与同一话题相连的单词就构成了一个以话题为中心的词汇链。在做完形填空时考生可以借助词汇链的知识帮助完成选择。如
I have no doubt that (virtually) all of these people were __74__ in school that the earth revolves around the sun; (they) may even have written it(on)a test.
74. A. learned B. suggested C. taught D. advised
与学校这个话题相连的动词很多，如teach, learn, study, attend, leave, take, drop out, dismiss等等。根据本题四个选项的特点和74处被动语态的使用，考生可以轻松地判断答案为C。
6. 注意介词的表意功能和搭配功能
完形填空中涉及到介词选择的有两种：一种是常用介词的基本用法；另一种是与介词有关的搭配，测试中以搭配居多，也有部分常用介词用法的考查。在做这类考题时将介词选项的表意功能与上下文结合起来即可。 如：
① He may try to solve a problem by using the theories __84__ science or by experimenting through trial and error.
84. A. of B. with C. to D. as
"科学的理论"，of表示"有关"。
② Some geography books focus on a small area __77__ a town or city.
77. A. outside B. as C. except D. like
四个介词无任何相同之处，意思差别很大，根据a small area和 town city之间的列举关系，答案应是D。
③ A geographer might be described __85_ one who observes, records, and explains the differences between places.
85. A. for B. as C. to D. by
表示"作为"的介词是as。
④ They read over the questions __83__ trying to answer any of them.
83. A. after B. besides C. before D. against
阅读问题和回答问题之间所存在的是时间上的前后问题，自然是先阅读问题后回答，所以答案为C。
⑤ People see the "sun" moving __80__ the sky as morning turns to night, and the earth seems stationary (while) that is happening.
80. A. around B. across C. on D. above
太阳由东向西划过天空，四个选项中只有B，能表示"从一边到另一边"，答案应是B。
7． 根据代词在上下文中的替代作用选择适当的代词
就代词而言，重点是看其在上下文中的替代作用，同时要特别注意that,one等的运用。如：
① The foreign research scholar usually isolates __76_ in the laboratory as a means of protection.
76. A. himself B. him C. oneself D. one
这是反身代词的一般用法，句子主语不是泛指的one，C不对，答案为A。
② What he needs is to be fitted with a highly organized university system quite different from __79__ at home.
79. A. those B. what C. which D. that
根据所对比的内容"university system"，可以判断，79所代替的是可数单数特指，说明答案应是D。
③ Never asks a child whether he likes or dislikes a food and never _66__ else to do so.
66. A. everybody B. anybody C. somebody D. nobody
本句为否定句，因此应选择非断定词，即答案为B。
④ At meal times it is a good idea to give a child a small portion and let him come back for a second helping rather than give him as __74__ as he is likely to eat all at once.
74. A. much B. little C. few D. many
本句所谈论的是一顿饭应该让孩子吃多少，从这一点上来讲，量的表达应用不可数代词，C，D可以排除。从上文中的a small portion来看，这里所要表达是"而不是孩子想吃多少就让他吃多少"， 即 as much as he is likely to eat， 答案为A。
8． 注意词语的搭配，根据搭配选择正确答案
(1) 注意常用短语动词的辨认
动词是构成句子必不可少的成分，作为谓语动词的一部分，短语动词也是十分活跃的成分，在完形填空的考查中占有一定的比重。这类短语有两种考查方式。一是，四个选项中只有一个搭配是正确的，这是最简单的一种；另一种是，四个选项的搭配不只一个正确，这时考生需借助于上下文语义做出适当的判断。试看以下各例：
① The man who (invented) the machines of the Industrial Revolution __76__ from many backgrounds and many occupations.
76. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared
该题选项中只有一个可与from搭配，即A。
② At meal times it is a good (idea) to give a child a small portion and let him _73__ back for a second helping rather than give him as (much) as he is likely to eat all at once.
73. A. ask B. come C. return D. take
从搭配上而言，B，D都是正确的，但take back表示"收回前言，承认自己是错误的"，与本题语义不符。这里只表示"回来"，所以答案是B。
③ The word geography __74_ from two Greek words.
74. A. falls B. results C. removes D. comes
该题可有两个正确的搭配，但result from表示"起因于"，而这里表示的是单词的来源，答案应该是D。
(2) 注意动词与名词、介词和副词的搭配功能
① The initial effort to recall __77__ the mind for operation.
77. A. leads B. begins C. helps D. prepares
本题答案为D，prepare …for表示"使……做好……准备"。
② The more knowledge students have (about) the school, the easier it will be for them to __90__ to the new environment.
90. A. fit B. suit C. yield D. adapt
使自己适应新的环境应是adapt oneself to 。
③ But they will also __72__ beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a (whole).
72. A. pass B. reach C. come D. go
本题中跟与beyond搭配的只有选项D。
④ He is faced in his daily work __80__ differences in philosophy, arrangements of courses and methods of teaching.
A. toward B. with C. to D. at
与be faced搭配的介词是with。
⑤ But (if) you were to remove the skin you could not __64__ anything about the race to which the individual belonged.
64.A speak B. talk C. tell D. mention
从搭配功能上讲，只有tell可接something about。
(3)注意形容词与名词的搭配
These highways generally (connect) large urban centers which means that they become crowded with ___78_ traffic during rush hours.
78. A. large B. fast C. light D. heavy
用来修饰traffic的有light/heavy。根据上文中crowded和下文rush hours可以判断这里的正确搭配应是heavy traffic。
(4) 注意名词与介词的搭配
名词与介词所构成的固定搭配是一种常见的语言形式，也是英语完形填空测试中经常涉及的题点。对于这类搭配，考生只要平时注意识记即可。
① But they also (go) beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a __73__.
73. A. whole B. part C. unit D. total
本题答案为A，构成as a whole的搭配，意为"作为整体"。
② By the time the easier questions are answered, answers _88__ the more difficult ones will usually come into the consciousness.
88. A. to B. of C. about D. for
本题所考查的实际上是名词与介词的搭配，答案为A。
(5)注意形容词与介词的搭配
① Even if a grade is not given, the student is __77__ for learning the material assigned.
77. A. criticized B. innocent C. responsible D. dismissed
从搭配能力上来看，A，D结构也是正确的，但语义与上下文不和。答案应是C, be responsible for 表示"对……负责"，而上下文所讲的正是"学生应该对自己的学习负起责任"。
② The man had to (circle) the airport several times in order to become __85_ with the controls of the plane.
85. A. intimate B. familiar C. understood D. close
从搭配上来看，只有B是正确的，另外，从语意角度上讲也应该是B。在机场上空盘旋目的是为了熟悉飞机的驾驶操作，以便安全降落。
③ Then they answer first the ones __85__ which they are most confident.
85. A. of B. with C. for D. in
which所引导的是定语从句，所填介词是从句中介词的提前，根据从句中介词的搭配，答案应是D，"对……很自信"应该是be confident in。
9． 注意区分同义词、近义词和形似词
近几年的四级英语考试对同义词、近义词和形似词的测试逐渐增多。一般四个选项中至少有两个为近义词。对于这类考题，考生除具备一定的词语辨析的能力外，主要是看上下文的语义关系。如：
① They expect students, particularly graduate students to be able to exhaust the reference __83__ in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but __84_ that their students should not be too dependent on them.
83. A. selections B. collections C. sources D. origins
84. A. hate B. dislike C. like D. prefer
83中collections为"全集、汇编"；selections为"选集"，图书馆的资料不只是选集或汇编，所以该两个选项与语意不符。C，D意思接近，但所指有别，只"源泉、来源"，指"起源、起因"。图书馆所提供的应该是参考材料的源泉，答案应是C。
② These secondary routes may go up steel slopes, along high (cliffs), or down frightening hillsides to towns __87__ in deep valleys.
87. A. lying B. laying C. laid D. lied
本题的选择涉及到lie 和lay语义和用法区别以及非谓语动词的用法。表示"坐落"的应该是不及物动词lie, 做定语与被修饰对象之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系，应该用现在分词形式，即A。
③ At this moment, the air hostess ___73__. She looked pale, but was quite __74__.
73. A. showed B. presented C. exposed D. appeared
74. A. well B. still C. calm D. quiet
73中四个选项都有"出现、显露"方面的意思，但自身的语义特征构成了各自及物不及物的区别。A，B，C 都是及物动词，而这里应用不及物动词，表示"出现"之意，所以答案为D。
74除A外，三个选项意思接近，为近义词。但语义的侧重不同，与人连用时，still表示"站着不动"，quiet表示"安静，不乱说，乱动"，calm则表示人，"镇定、平静"。上文的"脸色苍白"，说明了"恐惧"的存在，而一般在这种状态下，人们的行为会有些失常，表现出不够"镇定"，"不能泰然处之"。句中but的使用，所以，答案应该是C。
④ If the father says he hates fat meat or the mother __67_vegetables in the child's hearing he is _68__ to copy the procedure.
67. A. opposes B. denies C. refuses D. offends
68. A. willing B. possible C. obliged D. likely
67四个选项都具有否定的含义。由上文来看，这里所表示的应该是母亲不喜欢吃蔬菜之类的含义。四个选项中，A搭配不对，因oppose后一般不接表示具体事物的名词。deny表示"拒绝给予"，意思不符，offend表示"冒犯，触怒"，与vegetable搭配不当。refuse表示"拒绝"，即"拒绝吃蔬菜"，为正确选项。
68中有两种选项：A，B表示与"意愿"有关的概念；B，D表示"可能性"。从上下文的语义发展来看，应该是可能性。B，D两个选项中，B句法结构不对，答案为D。
⑤ Human brains are the __68___.
68. A. same B. identical C. similar D. alike
四个选项都表示"相同"的概念，对于这四个词的选择，考生不必去分析每个词之间的语义差别，最好是从搭配上入手。四个单词中只有same与定冠词连用，答案自然是A。
⑥ Long before they graduate from high school, these students take special _72__ to prepare for advanced study.
72. A. courses B. disciplines C. majors D. subjects
除B之外，其它三个选项都与"课程"有关，subject是"学科""科目"， major表示"专业"， course意为"课程"。另外从搭配来看，能与take搭配的也只是选项A。
⑦Some high school students may be _76__ to have an interview with representatives of the university.
76. A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required
A，D为形似词，意思差别很大，考生要注意区分。根据招生的安排，大学老师与考生见面并非强制性行为，而是对报考考生的一个要求，答案为D。
⑧They are _78__ to show that they have a good attitude and the _79__ to succeed.
78. A. decided B. intended C. settled D. determined
79. A. power B. ability C. possibility D. quality
78中四个选项都可表示"决定"，但能构成be + ved结构的却只有D。从语义角度上讲，面试考生要展示的是自己的能力，而非可能性。A与能力似乎有点联系，但具体地来说，表示的是"权利"，"能源"，所以79题的正确选项应该是B。
