10． 运用语法知识
四级完形填空中也相当一部分是考查语法的试题，主要集中在虚拟语气、定语从句和状语从句和倒装句。
(1)根据虚拟语气选择时态
If all places __87_ alike, there would be little need for geographers.
87. A. being B. are C. be D. were
本题是对虚拟从句中时态的考查。首先，从主句的时态可以判断这是个虚拟条件句，从句中应该使用虚拟语气。四个选项中只有D是虚拟语气的结构，答案为D。
(2)根据句子的虚拟条件选择连词
Even those who had little or no training in science might not have made their inventions _89__ a ground-work had not been laid by scientists years before.
89. A. as B. if C. because D. while
本题所考查的是虚拟条件从句与其它从句的区别。从上下文的语义和主从句的时态可以判断，这里是虚拟语气，答案为B。
(3) 正确判断定语从句
只有当确定定语从句以后，才能正确地选择关系词。在定语从句的确定中，首先确定关联词所连接的是一简单句，并列句还是从句，尤其是在两句之间有逗号相隔的情况下。如：
① The word geography (comes) from two Greek words, ge, the Greek word for "earth", and graphein, __75_ means "to write".
75. A. what B. that C. which D. it
可以判断the Greek word for "earth",为同位语，用来说明解释 ge， 从句法结构的对称来看graphein 后也应该是用来解释说明graphein的，这就说明，graphein后不是一个简单句，而是一个定语从句，从逗号的使用可以很容易判断，并且是一个非限制性定语从句，说明答案为C。
② He invited a lot of people to his birthday party, all of ____ were professors.
A. them B. whom C. which D. those
这句话涉及定语从句的辨别。如果填them，就成了一个简单句，但两句之间没有连词，不符合英语的句法要求。如果填whom则为非限制性定语从句，对主句内容进行补充说明。
(4) 注意定语从句的关系词的运用
有时，四个选项都是定语从句的关系词，很显然是考查定语从句关系词的使用。在关系词的选择中可从两点去考虑，一是先行词为何，二是关系词在定语从句中的作用。如：
① Through these less direct routes, longer and slower, they generally go to place __88_ the air is clean and the scenery is beautiful, and the driver may have a (chance) to get a fresh, clean (view) of the world.
88. A. there B. which C. when D. where
这一个定语从句关系词的考查题。其中三个选项都可做定语从句的关系词。根据定语从句的先行词，以及先行词在从句中的作用，可以判断，本题答案为D。
② The behavior and ideals of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new __79__ is better and higher than anything (in) the past.
79. A. that B. what C. whichever D. whatever
先行词是something， 关系词在从句中做主语，说明，关系词应该是that，即A。
③ These highways generally (connect) large urban centers which means that they become crowded with (heavy) traffic during rush hours, __79_ the "fast, direct" way becomes a very slow route.
79. A. when B. for C. but D. that (CET4-90.1)
从句所表达的是什么时候这种直接快捷的高速公路变得如此缓慢，是对的解释，先行词为时间，关系词在从句中做状语，说明答案为A。
(5)根据定语从句的关系词判断先行词
如先行词不同，关系词也随着不同，只有当先行词为表示地点时关系词才可用where。所以从关系词的使用情况可以判断先行词的类别。四六级完形填空中不乏此类的考题。如：
① This is thought to be a __89__ where further study is called (for).
89. A. scope B. field C. range D. district
根据关系词where和从句中所表示的"研究",可以确定先行词应该是field"领域"。
② The __62_ a meal is cooked and served is most important and an (attractively) served meal will often improve a child's appetite.
62. A. procedure B. process C. way D. method
定语从句的关系词省略，关系词在从句中又不做任何成分，说明先行词一定是way。
(6) 根据先行词的修饰语判断从句中副词的使用
当定语从句的先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，从句中应该用完成时态并且用ever。如果了解这一规律，下面一题可轻松解答。
The largest brain _71__ examined belonged to a person of weak (mind).
71. A. ever B. then C. never D. once
初看，这里没有什么定语从句，实际上，分词做定语与从句做定语概念是一样的，只是结构的差别而已。这里的分词做定语就相当于that had ever been examined，因此，考生还是可以按照定语从句的规律来判断。
(7)根据上下文的逻辑关系判断状语从句连词的使用
① It shook violently _89__ it touched the ground and then moved rapidly (along) the runway and after a long run it stopped safely.
89. A. as B. unless C. while D. so
飞机着陆与剧烈振动之间既有因果关系，又有时间上的关系，但没有条件的关系，因为这里所描述的是具体发生的事情。如为因果，则着陆为因，振动为果；D因果倒置，不对。表示时间的连词while从句中一般与持续性动词或状态动词连用，表示一个动作在另一个动作的过程之中发生，显然与本句的情况不符。答案应是A，as表示同时发生。
② Did you ever have someone's name on the tip of your tongue and yet you were unable to recall it? __71__ this happens again, do not (try) to recall it.
71. A. As B. When C. While D. Whether
71所表示的应该是表示时间的副词。A，B，C都可连接时间状语从句，其中A强调同时发生；C强调主句谓语动词在从句谓语动词的进行之中发生，两者都与本题不符，答案应该是When。
③ Most children with healthy appetites are ready to eat almost anything that is offered them and a child rarely dislikes food __61_ it is badly cooked.
61. A. if B. until C. that D. unless
从意思上讲，孩子喜欢与不喜欢某一饭菜和饭菜做的质量之间应该是条件或因果的关系。从本句所表达的方式来看应该是"除非饭菜做的不好，孩子是很少会不喜欢的"，由此看来，答案应该是D。
④ The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time. _71__ these wide modern roads are generally (smooth) and well maintained, with (little) sharp curves and many straight (sections), a direct route is not always the most (enjoyable) one.
71. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. Therefore
从句介绍高速公路的优点，而主句提出其不足，前后显然是转折的关系，从句为让步状语从句，答案为A。
(8) 注意分析连词在从句中的作用和语意要求。
① We know, however, __88__ no two places are exactly the same.
88. A. although B. be C. whether D. that
从结构上看，空格后为宾语从句，A，B不能引导宾语从句，可以排除。从句中没有疑问或判断的意思，所以答案应该是D。
② Professors do not have the time to explain __81_ a university library works.
81. A. when B. what C. why D. how
空格后表示解释的内容，自然是做宾语的，为宾语从句。从连词和句子的关系来看，应该是表示方式，即解释如何使用图书馆，答案为D。
(9)注意倒装的条件
英语中主谓倒装的情况很多，如，only + 状语置于句首倒装，含有否定意味的词置于句首倒装；so表示某人也如何；neither/nor表示某人也不如何，置于句首倒装，虚拟语气中条件句if省略，将were/should/had置于句首等等。这几年的完形填空中对倒装语序的考查集中在nor的使用上。如：
① Human brains are the (same). No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will (vary) in size, but this occurs within every race. __70_ does size have anything to do with intelligence.
70. A. Only B. Or C. Nor D. So
② Under __79__ circumstance must a child be coaxed (or) forced to eat.
79. A. some B. such C. such D. no
以上两题中都是采用了倒装语序。而四个选项中只有一个为否定词。按照含有否定意味的词提前，主谓倒装的原则，两题都应选择否定词。第一题答案为C，表示人脑的大小同智力也没有什么关系；第二题答案为D，表示在任何情况下都不应该强迫或哄骗孩子进食。
(二) 运用篇章技巧
一个完整的语篇，一篇内容充实，结构合理，行文流畅的短文所依赖的不只是词汇和语法，更多的是篇章技巧。作者借助于篇章技巧成文，同学们在复现作者的语言时同样可以借助篇章技巧。完形填空毕竟不同于单项选择，作为一个意思连贯，结构完整的语篇，其中篇章技巧的使用是完形填空解题中至关重要的手段。
1. 运用词汇复现技巧：
复现有原词复现、同义词复现、反义词复现、同根词复现、概括词复现等。完形填空中，考生可以利用上下文的复现信息，确定正确的表达方式。
1) 原词复现
为了表达的需求，在具体的上下文中同一概念重复出现。考生可以借助于上下文中这一信息选择答案。如：
① It can be said that foreign __74__ that makes the faculty member from abroad an asset also (creates) problems of adjustment, both for the university and for the individual.……… Both the visiting professor and his students (lack) background in each others' culture.
74. A. situation B. background C. circumstances D. condition
四个选项都表示"情况"的概念,而一个外籍老师的"情况"又该用什么词来表达,通过文章后半部的阅读考生就不难发现background一词，便可判断此处答案为B。
② As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. ……… Moving the pilot (aside), the man took his seat and listened carefully to the (urgent) instructions that were being sent by radio from the airport (below). The plane was now dangerously close (to) the ground, but to everyone's (relief), it soon began to climb. The man had to __84___ the airport several times in order to become (familiar) with the controls of the plane. ……… Following __88___, the man guided the plane toward the airfield.
84. A. surround B. circle C. observe D. view
88. A. impressions B. information C. inspections D. instructions
从上文中的circled可以推断84"在机场上盘旋"应该是B。从上文中listened to the instructions可以判断88为D。这样，84为上文中circle的复现；follow instructions 为listen to instructions的复现。
③ Again, a word from one language may pass into other languages and __74__ a new meaning. ……… So, in Spanish the word "etiquette" today is used to __77_ the small tags which a store (attached ) to a suit, a dress or a bottle. The word "etiquette" in French, (however), gradually developed a different meaning. ……… (Thus) the word "etiquette" began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow.
74. A. developed B. pick C. change D. bases
77. A. show B. indicate C. hold D. design
一个单词出现的新的意思，用来表示什么表达方式可以从下文的复现信息(黑体字)判断。这样考生就用不着为各选项之间的辨析而头痛。
2) 同义词、近义词复现
同义词，近义词是借助意思相同或相近的表达方式，或解释性的语言使上下文语意得以连接起来。做完形填空时，考生应注意分析上下文中出现的解释性语言。如：
① Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the students.………… It is the __80__responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library.
A. student's b. professor's C. assistant's D. librarian's
从前面的responsibilities for learning lie with the students可以判断查找材料也应该是"学生"的责任，所以答案为A。
② That "something special" was men --- (creative) individuals who could invent machines, ………… The men who __76__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution (came) from many backgrounds and many occupations.………… Most of the people who __87__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists.
76. A. employed B. created C. operated D. controlled
87. A. proposed B. developed C. supplied D. offered
从上下文来看，这一部分所谈论的是人发明机器的事情。从复现信息(黑体字)，可以推断，76、87都应该是与发明有关的词语。从这一点出发，就不难判断，76答案为B；87 答案为B。
③ An inventor or one interested in applied science is (usually) trying to make something that has a concrete __83__.
83. A. plan B. use C. idea D. means
applied science 即"应用科学"，从apply一词可以看出下文复现的应该是 "用"这一概念，所以83答案为C。
3) 反义词复现
语意的连贯有时通过对比的结构采用反义复现的手段，或者是以反义的方式对前文加以解释。在考试中，考生应注意分析这类概念复现，从反义的角度判断正确的选项。
① Forcing yourself to recall (almost) never helps because it doesn't ____ your memory; it only tightens it.
81. A. loosen B. weaken C. decrease D. reduce
前后两部分互为解释，一为肯定，一为否定，为反义复现。从下文的tighten可以判断，上文应该是选loosen。
② There are four types of blood. __67__ types are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race.
67. A. All B. Most C. No D. Some
并列连词and说明前后语意一致，那么，前后应该是反义复现，与no 反义的自然是A(all) 。
4) 同源词复现
对于上下文语意复现的表达，考生还借助复现信息的同源词。如以下各例：
① Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the students. If a long reading assignment is given, the instructors expect students to be familiar with the (information) in the reading …………When research is __78__, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with (minimum) guidance.
78. A. collected B. assigned C. distributed D. finished
该部分作者通过两个例子说明，应该有学生负责自己的学习，都是从"布置作业"方面解释。说明布置阅读作业时要求学生如何；布置研究作业时又该要求学生如何。两个例子概念复现，借助于give reading assignment的表达方式，可以确定78应该是B，构成assign research的结构。
② (Although) these wide modern roads are generally (smooth) and well maintained, with (little) sharp curves and many straight (sections) ………… others are uneven road __85__ through the country.
85. A. driving B. curving C. crossing D. travelling
上文中提高高速公路上的弯道时用的是curve，85复现"弯道"的概念，用的应该是与curve有关的动词，即curving。
5) 上义词复现
上义词具有概括的作用。在写作中，有时为了表达的需要，作者会先概述，再分述。概述时用的为上义词，分述则用比较具体的下义词。在解答完形填空时，考生应注意分析这中分总关系，选择适当的表达方式。
① Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a __85__ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of (man) other objectives.
85. A. single B. sole C. specialized D. specific
冒号后自然是对上文的解释，从解释的内容来看，三者统一于一个概念之下：specific为具体，所以答案为D。
② Consider the everyday English __87__ "Goodbye".
87. A. expression B. statement C. proverb D. conversation
Goodbye为所填之词的同位语，goodbye 为下义词，其上义词应该是A，expression。
2．运用词汇同现技巧
同现指意义上相互联系的单词同时出现在同一语篇当中。一个语篇，一个话题，要求与之相连的词汇。由于单词意义的差别、所使用的语域不同，因此所适应的上下文也各有别。为了保证语篇的和谐性，得体性，有必要一话题为中心，了解有相关单词组成的词汇链。
1)场所同现
① This is thought to be a __89_ where further study is called (for).
89. A. a scope B. field C. range D. district
"研究"就有研究的"领域"、研究的"课题"、从事研究的"人员"。所以" 研究"与"领域"是同现，答案自然就是B。
② Another (way) to divide the study of __80__ is to distinguish between physical geography and cultural geography. The former focuses on the natural world; the _81__ starts with human beings and _82___ how human beings and their environment act (upon) each other. But when geography is considered as a single subject, __84__ branch can neglect the other.
80. A. world B. earth C. globe D. geography
81. A. second B. next C. later D. latter
82. A. learns B. studies C. realizes D. understands
84. A. neither B. to C. one D. by
从文章主题(也就是话题)来看，本短文所谈论的是"地理"。地理作为一门"科学"有其"研究"的内容。所以，geography, science, study是同现词汇, 80答案为D，这从下文分述中的复现也可证明；82答案为B，是同现动词。
从上文former的使用可以推断82答案为D，因former与latter为结构同现。
最后the other的使用说明只有两个，况且这一段所讨论的就是两种地理观的区别，那么两者都不自然就是neither， 也就是说neither与the other本来是同现关系。
2)修饰同现
③ (Although) these wide modern roads are generally __72__ and well maintained, with (little) sharp curves and many straight __74__, a direct route is not always the most (enjoyable one).
72. A. stable B. smooth C. splendid D. complicated
74. A. selections B. separations C. series D. sections
本题涉及到名词同现和形容词同现。与高速公路同现的形容词自然应该是"平坦"，有高速公路同现的名词自然有路段。由此来判断可知72答案为B，74答案为D。
3)因果同现
④ Furthermore, these highways generally __77__ large urban centers which means that they become crowded with __78_ traffic during rush hours.
77. A. lead B. connect C. collect D. communicate
78. A. large B. fast C. light D. heavy
道路的作用是连接人们有去之处,目的是为了交通,因此,highways, connect, traffic为同现词汇，而与traffic同现的形容词有light, heavy。由此可见77答案为B，78答案可为C，也可为D。但与rush hour同现的却只能是heavy traffic，所以78题答案为D。
4)结构同现
⑤ _84__ of these are good two-lane roads; others are uneven roads (curving) through the country.
84. A. All B. Lots C. Several D. Some
如果考生熟悉some与others结构上的同现关系，就用不着在分析数量上下功夫，答案自然可得。
⑥ Never ask a child __64__ he likes or dislikes a food and never (discuss) likes and dislikes in front of or allow (anyone) else to do so.
64. A. whether B. what C. that D. which
本题考查的乃是结构同现，与or 搭配的只有whether，即A。
5)同义同现
⑦ If a student has problem with classroom work, the student should either __89__ a professor during office hours __90__ make an appointment.
89. A. greet B. attach C. approach D. annoy
90. A. or B. and C. to D. but
90 与either构成结构同现 either … or，89与make an appointment为近义同现。make an appointment就是approach(接近)老师的一种方式，所以89题答案为C.
