(三) 逻辑关系
一个完整的语篇应该是符合逻辑的，文章逻辑关系的取得主要靠转承语的使用。正确使用转承语，是保证文章连贯和谐，保证文章逻辑的有效手段。作者利用转承语保证文章的逻辑，同学们在做完形填空时通过自己对上下文的理解，找到适当的逻辑关系，然后选择正确的转承语。因此同学们有必要掌握各种转承语的用法。
完形填空的目的不是阅读，而是根据阅读掌握的信息恢复作者写作的原貌。从转承语上来说，即要求考生根据文章的语意发展和逻辑关系，确定适当的词语。
转承语与连词不同。连词一般是句子层面上的东西，要求考生所理解的是一句中主从句之间的语意联系，而转承语要求考生掌握的是语篇层面上的东西，考生需根据语篇上下文的逻辑关系才能确定适当的表达方式。因此，在转承语的选择上，同学们要仔细阅读文章的上下文内容，从整体上去把握。试看下列例题：
① The foreign research scholar usually isolates (himself) in the laboratory as a means of protection; __77_, what he needs is to be fitted (with) a highly organized university system quite different from (that) at home.
77. A. otherwise B. moreover C. however D. also
外籍研究学者习惯于将自己关闭在实验室之内，而他们所需要的却是溶入与他们原来所处的教育体系不同的体系之内。从上下文来看，两句的关系为转折，所以答案为C。
② …………a geographer might be described (as) one who observes, records, and explains the (differences) between places. If all places (were) alike, there would be little need for geographers. We know, however, (that) no two places are exactly the same. Geography, __89_, is a point of view, a special way of (looking) at places.
89. A. still B. then c. nevertheless D. moreover
在讨论了对地理学的研究之后，于文章的最后结论道，"地理学也是一种观点，一种观察不同地区的特殊方法"。由此可见，89 答案为B。
③ In the United States, professor have many other duties (besides) teaching, such as administrative or research work. __87__ the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is (limited).
87. A. However B. Furthermore C. Therefore D. Nevertheless
因为教授们的工作很多，不只是教学，所以他们能与学生在一起的时间比较有限。从上下文的逻辑关系来看，应该是因果关系，答案为C。
④ The plane was now dangerously close (to) the ground, but to everyone's (relief), it soon began to climb. The man had to (circle) the airport several times in order to become (familiar) with the controls of the plane. __86__ the danger had not yet passed. The terrible (moment) came when he had to land.
86. A. Then B. Therefore C. But D. Moreover
飞机又爬到空中，在机场盘旋了几次，"驾驶员"也熟悉了飞机的操作，似乎危险已过，但情况远非如此。从下文中所介绍的飞机降落时的情况可以看出86答案应该是C。
⑤ Students find preparatory method helpful (in) examinations. They read over the questions (before) trying to answer any of them. __84___ they answer first the ones (in) which they are most confident. Meanwhile, deeper mental activities in the subconscious mind are taking (place); work is being done on the (less) difficult question. By the time the easier questions are answered, answers (to) the more difficult ones will begin to come into consciousness.
84. A. Thus B. But C. Therefore D. Then
这里介绍了在解答问题时"准备工作"的重要性。学生在回答问题之前先阅读所有的问题，然后先回答比较容易的，比较容易的问答完之后，对难的问题的答案也就自然而然地在大脑总出现。这反映出预先阅读的重要性。考生在把所有这些读清楚之后，就自然会清楚84处所表示的 时间上的关系，也就可以判断答案为D。
⑥ A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply - all these were important (factors) in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. __72___ they were not enough. Something (else) was needed to start the industrial process. That "something special" was men.
72. A. But B. Besides C. And D. Even
文章首先介绍财富，资源，劳动力在工业革命中的作用，然后笔锋一转提出文章的主题，发明机器的人。从这关系上看，72处应是转折连词。答案为A。
⑦ The word "etiquette", which is (of) French origin and originally meant a label, (or) a sign, passed into Spanish and kept its original meaning. So in Spanish the word "etiquette" today is used to (indicate) the small tags which a store (attaches) to a suit, a dress or a bottle. The word "etiquette" in French, __79__, gradually developed a different meaning. It __80__ became the custom to write directions on small cards, or "etiquette", as to how visitors should dress themselves and (act) during an important ceremony at the royal court. __82_, the word "etiquette" began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow.
79. A. moreover B. however C. therefore D. furthermore
80. A. late B. lately C. latest D. later
82. A. Nevertheless B. Also C. Yet D. Thus
这一部分介绍了语言中单词意思的变化。列举了两种情况，一种是单词意思没有变化，另一种是发生了变化，因此两者之间的关系为对比，从文章叙述的逻辑来看是转折，79答案为B。在介绍单词意思变化时介绍了"etiquette"在法语中的变化过程。这个变化过程是一个时间的过程，80答案为D。在介绍"etiquette"的意思变化时通过一种习俗加以说明，上下为因果关系，82答案为D。
(四)根据文章的类型结构解答完形填空
四六级完形填空多以说明文和议论文为主，说明文，议论文一般采用分类、比较对照、因果、例证等方式谋篇。正确把握文章的结构类型有助于文章的理解，也因此有助于完形填空的解答。完形填空的任务是在正确理解短文的基础上再现作者的语言表达方式。为此，同学们应注意加强文章谋篇布局的分析。
1．四级完形填空的段落类型
1) 比较对照型
比较对照是四六级英语考试完形填空中比较常用的一种段落格式。在解答这类完形填空时考生应注意利用比较对照模式所提供的信息，包括对比项各自的特点，语言表达的方式，由于对比的出现，很容易出现复现现象，考生应注意利用这些信息，帮助解答完形填空。如：
The United States is well known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time._71__ these wide modern roads are generally _72__ and well maintained, with __73_ sharp curves and many straight __74__, a direct route is not always the most __75___ one. Large highways often pass __76___ scenic areas and interesting small town. Furthermore, these highways generally __77__ large urban centers which means that they become crowded with ___78__ traffic during rush hours, __79__ the "fast, direct" way becomes a very slow route.
However, there is __80__ always-another route to take __81_ you are not in hurry. Not far from the __82__ new "super highways", there are often older, __83_ heavily traveled roads which go through the countryside . __84__ of these are good two-lane roads; others are uneven roads __85_ through the country. These secondary routes may go up steep slopes, along high __86_, or down frightening hillsides to towns __87_ in deep valleys. Through these less direct routes, longer and slower, they generally go place __88__ the air is clean and the scenery is beautiful, and the driver may have __89___ to get a fresh, clean __90__ of the world.
71. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. Therefore
72. A. stable B. splendid C. smooth D. complicated
73. A. little B. few C. much D. many
74. A. selections B. separations C. series D. sections
75. A. terrible B. enjoyable C. possible D. profitable
76. A. to B. into C. over D. by
77. A. lead B. connect C. collect D. communicate
78. A. large B. light C. fast D. heavy
79. A. when B. for C. but D. that
80. A. yet B. still C. almost D. quite
81. A. unless B. as C. if D. since
82. A. relatively B. regularly C. respectively D. reasonably
83. A. and B. less C. more D. or
84. A. All B. Several C. Lots D. Some
85. A. driving B. crossing C. curving D. traveling
86. A. rocks B. cliffs C. roads D. paths
87. A. lying B. laying C. laid D. lied
88. A. there B. which C. when D. where
89. A. space B. chance C. period D. spot
90. A. view B. variety C. visit D. virtue
参考答案为：71. A 72. C 73. B 74. D 75. C
76. D 77. B 78. D 79. A 80. C
81. B 82. A 83. B 84. D 85. C
86. B 87. A 88. D 89. C 90. A
再如95年6月四级完形填空中的两段。从Many of them were (more) inventors than scientists.可以看出，下文将要比较发明家与科学家的不同。带着这个问题阅读，就很容易掌握文章的信息，就不难读懂纯理论科学家注重的是研究的准确性，而发明家注重的是实用。根据上下文的对照关系可以很轻松地确定答案。
The men who __76__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution __77__ from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were __78__ inventors than scientists. A man who is a __79_ scientist is primarily interested in doing his research ___80__. He is not necessarily working __81___ that his findings can be used.
An inventor or one interested in applied science is __82___ trying to make something that has a concrete __83__. He may try to solve a problem by using the theories __84__ science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain __85__ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of __86__ other objectives.
76. A. employed B. created C. operated D. controlled
77. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared
78. A. less B. better C. more D. worse
79. A. genuine B. practical C. pure D. clever
80. A. happily B. occasionally C. reluctantly D. accurately
81. A. now B. and C. all D. so
82. A. seldom B. sometimes C. usually D. never
83. A. plan B. use C. idea D. means
84. A. of B. with C. to D. as
85. A. single B. sole C. specialized D. specific
86. A. few B. those C. many D. all
参考答案 ：
76．B 77. A 78. C 79. C 80. D 81. D
82. C 83. B 84. A 85. D 86. C
下面一段完形填空选自98年1月份的四级英语考题。在说明脑子的大小与智力无关时采用的对比的方式，这种结构本身就说明的73题的答案。由于例证是用来说明智力与大脑的关系，就使的72成分复现现象。可见掌握语篇的结构模式对理解和语言再现的作用。
There are four types of blood. _67__ types are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the __68__. No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will __69__ in size, but this occurs within every race. __70__ does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain __71__ examined belonged to a person of weak __72__. On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have __73__ brains. Mental tests which are reasonably __74__ show no differences intelligence between races.
67. A. All B. Most C. No D. Some
68. A. same B. identical C. similar D. alike
69. A. remain B. increase C. decrease D. vary
70. A. Only B. Or C. Nor D. So
71. A. ever B. then C. never D. once
72. A. health B. body C. mind D. thought
73. A. big B. small C. minor D. major
74. A. true B. exact C. certain D. accurate
2) 程序型段落
程序型段落指按照操作程序的顺序写就的段落，如实验过程的介绍等。98.6四级的完形填空介绍的就是高中学生从中学备考到大学录取到高校报到注册的一个过程。学生在阅读时只要能抓住这个程序，文章就不难理解，完形填空答案的确定也就有了可靠的依据。
The task of being accepted and enrolled in a university begins early for some students, long __71__ they graduate from high school. These students take special __72__ to prepare for advanced study. They may also take one of more examinations that test how __73__ prepared they are for the university.
In the final year of high school, they ___74__ applications and send them, with their student records, to the universities which they hope to __75__.
Some high school students may be __76__ to have an interview with representatives of the university. Neatly __77__, and usually very frightened, they are __78___ to show that they have a good attitude and the __79__ to succeed.
When the new students are finally __80__, there may be one more step they have to __81__ before registering for classes and __82__ to work. Many colleges and universities __83__ an orientation program for new students. __84__ these programs, the young people get to know the __85__ for registration and student advising, university rules, the __86__ of the library and all the other __87__services of the college or university.
Beginning a new life in a new place can be very __88__. The more knowledge students have __89__ the school, the easier it will be for them to __90__ to the new environment. However, it takes time to get used to college life.
71. A. as B. after C. since D. before
72. A. course B. disciplines C. majors D. subjects
73. A. deeply B. widely C. well D. much
74. A. fulfil B. finish C. complete D. accomplish
75. A. attend B. participate C. study D. belong
76. A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required
77. A. decorated B. dressed C. coated D. worn
78. A. decided B. intended C. settled D. determined
79. A. power B. ability C. possibility D. quality
80. A. adopted B. accepted C. received D. permitted
81. A. make B. undergo C. take D. pass
82. A. getting B. putting C. falling D. sitting
83. A. offer B. afford C. grant D. supply
84. A. For B. Among C. In D. On
85. A. processes B. procedures C. projects D. provisions
86. A. application B. usage C. use D. utility
87. A. major B. prominent C. key D. great
88. A. amusing B. misleading C. alarming D. confusing
89. A. before B. about C. on D. at
90. A. fit B. suit C. yield D. adapt
3) 时间型段落
时间型的段落属记叙性文体，文章以时间为顺序介绍事情的发展过程。在做这类完形填空时，考生应注意抓住时间这个线索，把握整个事情的发展过程，弄清各种事情的前因后果。94年1 月份的四级考题中完形填空所采用的就是时间型段落。
As the plane circled over the airport, everyone sensed that something was wrong. The plane was moving unsteadily through the air, and __71__ the passengers had fastened their seat belts, they were suddenly __72___ forward. At the moment, the air-hostess ___73___. She looked very pale, but was quite __74___. Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper, she __75__ everyone that the pilot had ___76__ and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines --- or at __77___ how to drive a car. After a moment's __78__, a man got up and followed the hostess into the pilot's cabin.
Moving the pilot __79___, the man took his seat and listened carefully to the ___80__ instructions that were being sent by radio from the airport __81___. The plane was now dangerously close __82__ the ground, but to everyone's __83___, it soon began to climb. The man had to __84___ the airport several times in order to become __85___ with the controls of the plane. __86___ the danger had not yet passed. The terrible __87__ came when he had to land. Following __88__, the man guided the plane to ward the airfield. It shook violently __89__ it touched the ground and then moved rapidly __90___ the runway and after a long run it stopped safely.
71. A. although B. while C. therefore D. then
72. A. shifted B. thrown C. put D. moved
73. A. showed B. presented C. exposed D. appeared
74. A. well B. still C. calm D. quiet
75. A. inquired B. insured C. informed D. instructed
76. A. fallen B. failed C. faded D. fainted
77. A. best B. least C. length D. first
78. A. hesitation B. surprise C. doubt D. delay
79. A. back B. aside C. about D. off
80. A. patient B. anxious C. urgent D. nervous
81. A. beneath B. under C. down D. below
82. A. to B. by C. near D. on
83. A. horror B. trust C. pleasure D. relief
84. A. surround B. circle C. observe D. view
85. A. intimate B. familiar C. understood D. close
86. A. Then B. Therefore C. But D. Moreover
87. A. moment B. movement C. idea D. affair
88. A.impression B.information C.inspections D.instructions
89. A. as B. unless C. while D. so
90. A. around B. over C. along D. above
2． 段落类型在完形填空中的运用
段落类型的知识不仅有利于短文的理解，帮助学生掌握文章的语意发展逻辑，掌握文章的细节内容，学生也可根据段落类型所提供的信息确定完形填空的选项。
1) 根据段落类型确定适当的转承语
不同的段落类型有不同的叙述逻辑，也因此有各自的转承语。正确分辨段落的类型有助于转承语的选择。比如下面一篇介绍在家办公的文章，文章介绍的在家办公的好处和出现的问题。在介绍利和弊的时候采用的对比的方式，先介绍在家工作给人们带来的好处，接着另起一段介绍在家工作所面临的问题。在说明在家工作的益处时采用了例证的方式，采取渐升的叙述逻辑。从转承语的一致性上来看，叙述在家工作的益处时所采用的转承语为：For one thing --- For another ----Most agreeable of all，当叙述在家工作所带来的问题时采用的是举例方式，列举了四个不利之处，从问题的情况和叙述的逻辑来看，同样是渐升的顺序，其转承语为For example --- Besides ---- Then again---- the main problem。
The revolution in computer and telephone technology has made it a ___1__ for business people to work at home, and this has brought about much ___2___ and pleasure to the people.Generally, people enjoy working at home for the following ___3__. For one thing, they not only __4__ time by not having to travel long distance to work every day but save money on __5___ and business clothes. ___6__, suffering less stress from their employers, they think __7__ clearly and can be more creative in the quiet peaceful atmosphere of their home. __8__ agreeable of all, they have the ___9__ to decide for themselves how and when to do their job, __10__ permits them to spend more time with their family.___11__ as is often the case, working at home allows of much more freedom than working at office, some people who work at home admit there are ___12__. ___13__, they, more often, can not separate their personal life and their _14___ life. __15__, the loneliness from the lack of person-to-person ___16__ and new ideas is more likely to __17__ some mental illness. Then again, there is a problem of holidays. Perhaps, the __18__ problem with working at home is that some people __19__ get a day off. To solve the above mentioned __20__, people who work at home may well organize their work schedule, leaving adequate time for making human communication. In fact, working at home has provided them with much more freedom to participate in social activities.
1. A. reality B. dream C. problem D. convenience
2. A. problem B. trouble C. convenience D. worry
3. A. reasons B. benefits C. convenience D. profits
4. A. cost B. consume C. waste D. save
5. A. transportation B. travel C. appointments D. calls
6. A. Secondly B. What's more C. For another D. However
7. A. more B. less C. no more D. no less
8. A. Least B. Most C. Not D. Really
9. A. time B. chance C. freedom D. right
10. A. it B. which C. this D. that
11. A. However B. In contrast C. While D. Then
12. A. advantages B. problems C. troubles D. benefits
13. A. First B. For example C. For one thing D. Because
14. A. private B. office C. family D. working
15. A. Besides B. Instead C. However D. Therefore
16. A. talk B. communication C. contact D. chat
17. A. produce B. cause C. make D. create
18. A. most B. last C. main D. major
19. A. always B. sometimes C. never D. frequently
20. A. problems B. situations C. circumstances D. questions
2) 根据段落类型寻找复现、同现信息
以上面的完形填空为例，从整体上说，文章采用了对比的方式叙述了在家工作的利弊，似乎第一段的最后应该是对此的概括，但从同现的关系来看，两个相反的概念一般是不能有并列连词and连接的，第二题答案应该是C。
文章在提到在家工作的利弊时以人们的亲身感受的方式提出，说明1题答案为A。从第二段的四个列举的情况来看，所介绍的都是在家工作的好处，所以3是上义词同现，答案为B。
根据单词的复现现象，可以确定9答案为C(allows of much more freedom than 中freedom为复现)， 16答案为B(leaving adequate time for making human communication.中communication为复现)，20答案为A(the __18__ problem with working at home 中freedom为前复现)
文中并列成分之间的比较也给答案的选择提供的应有的复现信息，如根据they not only ___4__ time by not having to travel long distance to work every day but save money on __5___ and business clothes中可以推断4答案为D(save)，5 答案为A (transportation)。
10题为语法题，所选应是非限制性定语从句的引导词，答案为B，17题为动宾搭配题，答案为B。从第二段叙述的主题来看，19应是在家工作的不利之处，答案为C，既然谈论的话题是在家工作，那么14应该是working life即 D。
本完形填空，上下两段分别叙述在家工作的利弊，前后对比，从这一点上讲考生很容易在11处填However, In contrast之类，答案如考虑一下该句自身的结构，就不难发现，这是一个主从复合句，所选的为从句连词，而非篇章转承语，答案为C。
再如90年1月的四级考试完形填空。短文中，作者将美国的高速公路与老式的普通公路进行比较。两段之间However的使用将上下两段衔接起来，也提示出叙述的重点。如果考生在阅读过程中能注意两种公路的情况对比，就不难发现以下对比的信息，相当一部分题的答案也自明，如72，78，85。两种道路的比较也说明了其中比较级的使用，根据这一点，考生就可以确定83提的答案。
高速公路(modern highways) 普通公路 (old two-lane roads)
平坦 (smooth) 高低不平 (uneven)
路段笔直(straight sections, with few sharp curves) 弯弯曲曲 (curving through the country)
路经风景区，连接繁华的城市(go by scenic areas, connecting large urban centers)
穿行于乡村，怕山坡，下陡坡 (curving through the country, up steep slopes and down frightening hillsides)
交通拥挤，尤其是在高峰期(crowded with heavy traffic, especially during rush hours)
车辆不多,可以悠闲地呼吸新鲜空气,欣赏优美的景色(light traffic,chance to get a fresh, clean view of the world)
3) 从段落类型入手把握文章内容
完形填空首先是阅读理解。如果考生能了解段落的结构模式，对掌握文章的具体内容是十分有帮助的。如，时间型段落段落以记叙为主。对于这类段落，考生要象看电影似地阅读。阅读时似乎看到故事中发生的一幕一幕。比如，上面所示94年1月四级考题。抓住时间这个脉络，将前后发生的事情联系起来，考生就不难对事件获得一个完整的印象：驾驶员突然晕倒，无法驾驶飞机，飞机突然颠簸起来，乘客被颠地前仰后合，于是空姐走进机舱，问是否有人懂的驾驶。一位男子主动出来帮忙，他随着空姐走进驾驶舱，将驾驶员移到一边，边听着机场发来的指示开始操纵飞机，飞机在机场上空爬上爬下，还几乎着地，在机场上空盘旋几次以后，该男子逐渐熟悉了飞机的驾驶，最后终于安全降落。如果考生在阅读过程中能想象出当时的情景，理解就不会出现误差，很多答案便自然轻松可得。该完形填空答案如下：
71. A 72. B 73. D 74. C 75. C 76. D 77. B 78. A 79. B 80. C
81. D 82. A 83. D 84. B 85. B 86. C 87. A 88. D 89. A 90. C
同学们，完形填空能力的提高以语言知识、词汇知识、句法知识、语法知识、篇章结构知识为基础。在平时的词汇学习中应注意以话题为中心，培养词汇的同现意识。另外，在进行阅读时注意分析各类文章的叙事逻辑，同时加强写作训练。语言能力的发展是一个综合能力发展的过程，听说读写一项不可偏废，希望同学们能全面发展.
