第3课
倒装：倒装有全部倒装和部分倒装。
谓语部分所有单词都放在主语前是全部倒装。谓语的一部分放在主语的前面是部分倒装。
谓语中的一部分通常是指：1、系动词；2、助动词；3、情态动词。
全部倒装的五条原则：
1. There be句型（表示有）；
2. 以There或now开头的句子，且句子谓语动词为come或go；
There you go again. 你又去那里了。
3. 以Here开头的句子，且句子谓语动词为系动词be； Here you are. 拿去。
4. 以副词out, in, up, down, away开头的句子；
在2、3、4前提下，如果句子的主语是代词则用陈述句语序。
5. 以状语（常见的是地点状语）开头的句子。
部分倒装的六条原则：
1. so放在句首时表示承前肯定，这个句子用部分倒装；
nor, neither放在句首时表示承前否定，句子也用部分倒装；
2. 省略了引导词if 的虚拟条件从句，可以把从句中的had, should, could, were中的任何一个提到从句最前面的位置，构成部分倒装；
3. as, though表示“尽管”时引导从句，从句中的表语可以置于引导词之前构成部分倒装；
系动词后面的部分就是表语，形容词、名词、名词性短语可以置于系动词之后。
例如：She is beautiful. They are students.
四级考试中出现的是由动词的过去分词转变的形容词作表语的形式。
26. _B_ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.
A Being published B Published C Publishing D To be published
当题干是as引导一个从句，且as前为一个空格时他表示的就是尽管，空格处要填的就是表语。
being published 正在被出版； to be published 将要被出版。
此句恢复正常语序应为： As it was published at such a time …
4. 表示否定含义的单词或短语放在句首，句子用部分倒装；
常见的一些表示否定含义的单词：never, little, few, hardly (… when), scarcely (… when) ；
seldom 难得，不常；nowhere 哪里都不。
常见的一些表示否定含义的短语：in no way 决不； on no account 决不；
under no circumstances 在任何情况下都不。
5. only + 状语放在句首，句子用部分倒装；（如果only去掉就是全部倒装）
43. Only under special circumstances _C_ to take make-up tests.
A permitted are freshmen B freshmen are permitted
C are freshmen permitted D are permitted freshmen
freshmen 新生； make up for 弥补，补偿； make-up tests 补考（缓考）。
6. 注意两个表达形式：come what may 无论发生什么情况； say what you will 畅所欲言。
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强调句式的补充内容：被强调部分是疑问词时的情况。
60. When I try to understand _C_ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.
A why it does B what it does C what it is D why it is
prevent sb. from doing sth. 妨碍（阻止）某人做某事。
强调部分本为： it is what that prevents so many …
又因为句中有疑问词，应写为： what is it that prevents so ...
但强调句式在句中作宾语成分，故正确写法为： what it is that …
50. I like watching TV _C_ to the cinema.
A more than to go B than going C more than going D rather than to go
than 除构成固定短语外就要与比较级搭配，不会单独出现； rather than + 动词原形；
平行结构，遇到平行结构时应做的两步：
1 找出连接词，2 使要填部分与已给出的对应部分形式完全一样。
51. I appreciate _D_ to your home.
A to be invited B to have invited C having invited D being invited
appreciate + 动名词（不能加动词原形，不能加句子）。
41. I would appreciate _B_ it a secret.
A you to keep B your keeping C that you keep D that you will keep
your keeping 动名词的复合结构。 you keeping 也是正确的。
52. I hope my teacher will take my recent illness into _C_ when judging my examination.
A regard B counting C account D observation
take sth. into account 考虑。
54. Important people don’t often have much free time as their work _C_ all their time.
A take away B take over C take up [占据] D take in
55. When I was very young, I was terribly frightened of school, but I soon ___ it.
A got off B got across C got away D got over
got over it 克服战胜。
56. Many people complain of the rapid _C_ of modern life.
A rate B speed C pace D growth
pace 节奏； rapid pace of modern life现在生活快节奏。
57. San Francisco is usually cool in the summer, but Los Angeles _B_.
A is rarely B rarely is C hardly is D is scarcely
rarely, usually 都是频度副词。通常频度副词的位置在系动词之后，表示实在意思的词前面。
58. The speaker, _D_ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience.
A having known B being known C knowing D known
know 没有现在分词；know 用主动形式时只能和两个介词搭配：of, about。
known for 以…而著名。
60. I couldn’t find _A_, and so I took this one.
A a large enough coat B an enough large coat
C a large coat enough D a coat enough large
enough 修饰形容词时要放到形容词后面。
61. I always _B_ what I have said.
A get to B hold to C lead to D see to
本题所有选项中的to都是介词，其后加动词动名词的形式。
hold to 坚守，信守； see to 负责做，处理，照料（后面加的都是某件事情，不加人）
62. No sooner had we reached the top of the hill _C_ we all sat down to rest.
A when B then C than D until
no sooner … than 一…就…
63. Evidence came up _C_ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.
A what B which C that D whose
evidence 证据、sign 迹象、fact 事实，后面都要带同位语从句，且从句用that引导。
64. He moved away from his parents, and missed them _A_ enjoy the exciting life in New York. [too … to，太…而不能…]
A too much to B enough to C very much to D much so as to
65. He was _C_ of having asked such a silly question.
A sorry B guilty C ashamed D miserable
guilty adj. 有罪的； be ashamed of 因…而羞愧（不好意思）的； miserable adj. 悲惨的。
66. The last time we had a family reunion was _B_ my brother's wedding ceremony four years ago.
A in B at C during D over
ceremony n. 典礼，仪式。要表达在某典礼（仪式）上用介词at。
at the graduation ceremony 在毕业典礼上。
67. What _A_ would happen if the director knew you felt that way?
A do you suppose B you suppose C will you suppose D you would suppose
do you supposed 常做插入语。
68. _D_ the advances of science, the discomforts of old age will no doubt always be with us. [despite prep. 尽管； as for 关于，至于]
A As for B Besides C Except D Despite
69. How close parents are to their children _B_ a strong influence on the character of the children.
A have B has C having D to have
influence on 对…造成影响，很大的影响中形容词用的是strong。
70. He _A_ when the bus came to a sudden stop.
A was almost hurt B was hurt himself C was to hurt himself D was hurting himself
hurt oneself 自残； be to + 动词原形，将要做某事；
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41. Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _C_ for her examination.
A to prepare B to be prepared C preparing D being prepared
be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事
42. Five minutes earlier, _A_ we could have caught the last train.
A and B but C or D an order
and 在这里表示一种结果，翻译成“那么（和）”。只有两种情况下and才会这样翻译：
1. 省略句 ＋ and + 句子； 2. 祈使句 ＋ and + 句子。
47. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _B_ advertisements showing happy balanced families.
A are often seeing B will often see C often see D have often seen
43. I cannot give you _D_ for the type of car you sell because there is no demand for it in the market.
A an expense B a charge C a purchase D an order
order n. 定购，订单； purchase n. 购买。
45. By the end of this month, we surely _C_ a satisfactory solution to the problem.
A have found B will be finding C will have found D are finding
如果一个句子的时间状语是由by引导的，则时态要选择完成时态。
将来的行为在将来的某个时间之前就已完成用将来完成时。
solution to a problem 一个问题的解决方案。
46. Mr. Wilson said that he did not want to _A_ any further responsibilities.
A take on B get on C put up D look up
take on 承担； take on responsibility 承担责任。
47. Having no money but _B_ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.
A not to want anyone B not wanting anyone C wanted no one D to want no one
dinner n. 正餐（多指晚餐）； supper n. 夜宵，晚餐； breakfast n. 早餐； lunch n. 午餐；
brunch n. 早午餐。[but前后的句子要平衡]
48. We desire that the tour leader _A_ us immediately of any change in plans.
A inform B informs C informed D has informed
desire v. 要求，表要求时后面加句子要用虚拟语气， (should) + 动词原形。
其他同样用法的词还有ask, demand, request, require.
49. Not _B_, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture.
A obviously B surprisingly C particularly D normally
not surprisingly 一点也不奇怪。 vary vi. 变化。
vary from … to … 从一种形式变化到另一种形式。vary between … and … 在两者之间进行变化。
29. Features such as height, weight, and skin color _B_ from individual to individual and from face to face.
A change B vary C alter D convert
individual n. 个人，个体； individualism n. 个人主义。
44. The hope, goals, fears and desires _D_ widely between men and women, between the rich and the poor.
A alter B shift C transfer D vary
50. A man escaped from the prison last night. It was a long time _A_ the guards discovered what had happened.
A before B until C since D when
It + 系动词 + 一段时间 + before引导的句子 在…之前花费多少时间。
54. Scientists say it may be five or ten years _D_ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.
A since B when C after D before
51. In the experiment we kept a watchful eye _D_ the developments and recorded every detail. [keep a watchful eye on 密切主意，留神]
A in B at C for D on
52. There's little chance that mankind would _D_ a nuclear war.
A retain B endure C maintain D survive
retain vt. 保持，保留； endure v. 忍受； maintain vt. 维持，保持，坚持认为；
survive vi. 生存； vt. 活过 … （宾语为某种灾难）。 survive a flood 活过一场洪水。
前缀sur表示过 … ，外，超； vive 表示生活，强调活着。
54. They usually have less money at the end of the month than _C_ at the beginning.
A which is B which was C they have D it is
less … than句子前后要平衡结构。
55. In the course of a day students do far more than just _A_ classes.
A attend B attended C to attend D attending
far more than 远远多于，远不止于；也要句子前后平衡结构。
56. The French pianist [n. 钢琴师] who had been praised very highly _C_ to be a great disappointment.
A turned up B turned in C turned out D turned down
turn up 后面不加宾语表示出现，后面加宾语表示将声音调高，调大；
turn in + 宾语 上缴，交出； turn down 将声音调低，调小；拒绝；
refuse sb. 指直接的回绝； turn sb. down 则指委婉的拒绝；
turn out + 动词不定式 最终证明是，结果是。
57. Many difficulties have _B_ as a result of the change over to a new type of fuel.
A risen B arisen C raised D arrived
因本句未加宾语，估不应选不及物动词，可排除C项； arrive vi. 到达，抵达；
rise vi. 升起，升高（侧重指旗帜或太阳升起）；数量的增高（侧重指水位、价位）；
the sun rises in the east and sets in the west 太阳东升西落。
arise vi. 升起，升高，出现，发生（经常与抽象名词联用）。
69. A completely new situation will _B_ when the examination system comes into existence.
A arise B rise C raise D arouse
33. Last year the advertising rate _D_ by 20 percent.
A raised B aroused C arose D rose
58. He made such a _D_ contribution to the university that they are naming one of the new buildings after him.
A genuine B minimum C modest D generous
name after 以…的名字来命名。genuine adj. 真正的，货真价实的； genuine leather 真皮；
minimum adj. 最低的，最小的； modest adj. 谦虚谨慎的，适度的；
generous adj. 慷慨的，慷慨大方的（修饰贡献等用这个）。
59. Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others, _D_, of course, made the others jealous.
A who B that C what D which
which在这里是引导非限定性定语从句，which引导非限定性定语从句有2个特点：
1. which前面有逗号与其他句子分开。 2. which指的是前面整句话的内容。
as也可以引导非限定性定语从句，指的都是一句话的内容。
which指一句话的内容只能置于该句之后，而as既可以在后也可以在前。
67. _C_ is known to the world, Mark Twain is great American writer.
A That B Which C As D It
60. In the advanced course students must take performance tests at monthly _B_.
A gaps B intervals C length D distance
interval n. 间隔（即可指空间间隔，也可指时间间隔），四级考试中专考时间间隔的概念。
interval是固定与介词at搭配的。
23. Students or teachers can participate in excursions to lovely beaches around the island at regular _D_.
A gaps B rate C length D intervals
at regular rate 以规则的速度； at regular interval 以规则的时间间隔；
61. Mr. Johnson preferred _A_ heavier work to do.
A to be given B to be giving C to have given D having given
64. Our company decided to _D_ the contract because a number of the conditions in it had not been met.
A destroy B resist C assume D cancel
65. She is _C_ a musician than her brother.
A much of B much as C more of D more as
be of 具有某种性质、品质或特点；
66. Having been found guilty, the man was given a severe _B_ by the judge.
A service B sentence C crime D crisis
sentence n. 判决，判刑； crisis n. 危机； economic crisis 经济危机；
68. The residents, _C_ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.
A all their homes B all whose homes C all of whose homes D all of their homes
当给出了句子的主语，且后面有两部分谓语动词，这两部分谓语动词之间又没有连接词，
时态也不同时，离主语近的谓语动词应为从句的组合成分。
69. You can't afford to let the situation get worse. You must take _D_ to put it right.
A decisions B directions C sides D steps
take steps 采取措施，采取行动； take measures 采取措施；
70. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _B_ your advice.
A follow B had followed C would follow D have followed
if only 如果，要是...就好了，其后面的句子一定要用虚拟语气。
1. 如果if only后面的句子表示与现在或将来的事实相反，这时谓语动词用一般过去时体现虚拟语气。
2. 如果if only后面的句子表示与过去的事实相反，这时谓语动词用过去完成时体现虚拟语气。
47. If only the committee _D_ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible
A approve B will approve C can approve D would approve
如果if only后面的句子表示与现在或将来的事实相反，这时谓语动词用一般过去时，
也可以用would + 动词原形。
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42. Mark often attempts to escape _C_ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
A having been fined B to have been fined C being fined B to be fined
escape + 动名词。
44. It is recommended that the project _A_ until all the preparations have been made.
A not be started B will not be started C is not started D is not to be started
recommend vt. 推荐，建议，后面加句子要用虚拟语气，谓语动词的形式：(should) + 动词原形
45. I wish I _D_ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A have slept B slept C might have slept D could have slept
wish 后面的句子要用虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反用：情态动词 + have + 动词过去分词。
might经常被翻译成或许。
46. We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we _D_ him.
A had telephoned B must have telephoned
C would telephone D would have telephoned
otherwise, or等表示“否则”的词，后面句子都要用虚拟语气。
48. While people may refer to television for up-to-minute news [最新的消息], it is unlikely that television _A_ the newspaper completely.
A will replace B have replaced C replace D replaced
49. An Olympic Marathon [马拉松] is 26 miles and 385 yards, approximately [大约] _B_ from Marathon to Athens [雅典].
A distance B the distance C is the distance D the distance is
50. You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _D_ to suspend your tent.
A there B them C where D which
介词 + which + 动词不定式(to do sth.) 整体做定语。
本句可改写为：You will want two tress about ten feet apart, to suspend your tent from.
只要见到有介词出现在空格之前，而选项中有which, them, there, where等词则应选which。
51. As I was just getting familiar with this job, I had _C_ to ask my boss.
A many B most C much D more
当many没有修饰任何其他词而单独出现时表示很多人。 much在这里相当于many things。
52. _A_ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home.
A Until B Before C From D Since
until recently 直到最近； not surprisingly 一点也不奇怪。
53. The survival of civilization as we know it is _C_ threat.
A within B towards C under D upon
under threat 受到威胁。
55. In some countries, _D_ is called "equality" [平等] does not really mean equal rights for all people.
A which B one C that D what
that可以引导主语从句，但只做引导词而不充当任何成分。
56. I walked too much yesterday and _A_ are still aching now.
A my leg muscles B my muscles of leg C my leg's muscles D my muscles of the leg
英语中一个名词修饰另外一个名词时第一个名词要用单数。 apple trees, eye drops
57. Radio, television and press _B_ of conveying news and information.
A are the most three common means B are the three most common means
C are the most common three means D are three the most common means
几个词修饰一个名词时修饰词的顺序应为：1. 定冠词the应该放在最前面（离名词最远）的位置；
2. 数词应放在第二位；3. 最后考虑其他形容词。
