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07年大学英语四级写作讲义（上） |
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第一节 大纲要求及分析
大学英语四级写作基本要求
基础阶段学生写作能力的基本要求为：能在阅读难度与课文相仿的书面材料时作笔记、回答问题、写提纲，能就一定的话题或提纲在半小时内写出120 ~150 个词的短文，能写短信和便条，表达意思清楚、无重大语言错误。
写作能力测试部分比例为15%，体裁包括议论文、说明文、应用文等。
分析：四级作文范文档的要求是：切题。表达思想清楚、文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本无语言错误，仅有个别小错。该要求蕴涵着大学英语写作的四个基本考点：
1、 切题——所谓切题是指在形式上诸如段落、字数、文体、格式等方面满足题目要求，并在内容上没有偏差。
2、 表达清楚、条理清晰——本要求考查学生对文章结构的掌握，要求文章主题观点明确，有头有尾，论证说明安排有主次，有轻重。
3、 文字通顺，连贯性较好——本要求考查学生对过渡句和连接词或词组的掌握和运用，要求文章句子内部与句子之间通顺连贯，不突兀。
4、 基本无语言错误——本要求考查学生语言基本功的掌握，包括语法与拼写两部分。
第二节 评分原则与评分标准
1. CET – 4 检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。
2. CET – 4 作文题采用总体评分(Global Scoring)方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分(Reward Scores), 而不是按语言点的错误数量扣分。
3. 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而恰当地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否会造成理解上的障碍。
4. 避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分;该给低分的给低分，包括0分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。
5. 字数不足以应酌情扣分：
(1)如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句，均不得计入所写字数。
(2)只写一段者：0 ~ 4分;只写两段者：0 ~ 9分。(指规定三段的作文)
样卷14分档
Now, when a person is hunting for a job, there will always be a job interview and I think the job interview has a lot of advantages. The interviewer and the interviewee can know about each other through it.
First the interviewer can tell something about the job to the interviewee such as the wage, the work conditions and something else which is relevant to the job. Then the interviewee can decide whether the job is really suitable for him. Second, I think the job interview is a good chance for the interviewee, because, he can impress the interviewer by good behavior. He can show both his ability and his confidence. Then the interviewer can figure out whether he is the right person for the job.
In a word, I think the interview will do good to both the interviewer and the interviewee. By the interview, the interviewee can find a suitable job and the interviewer can find a suitable person if both of them make the best of the job interview.
评析：这篇文章采用第三和第一人称，开头点题，马上过渡到面试在实际中的重要意义。之后，作者从两个角度加以论证。从整篇文章看，作者能紧扣主题，过渡自然，说服力强，文笔流畅，是一篇考生值得模仿的文章。
第三节 应对策略与语言组织技巧
一、文字通顺连贯
英语中的过渡句和连接词是文章通顺连贯的重要标志，根据语法中的平行和从属结构原则，一个复合句中必须要有一个连接词，否则句子是不符合语法规则的。如：
All flights had been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train. 本句的两部分都有完整的主谓，但并没有连接词加以连接，故是错误的，应改为：Because all flights had been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train.或All flights had been cancelled, so the passengers had to go there by train.或用分词形式All flights having been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train.由以上例子可以看出，复合句内部必须要有连接词，有时句子之间也需要连接词，而连接词体现的是句子内部和句子之间严谨的逻辑和论证推理关系，是英文语言最大的价值之一。当然段与段之间还需要过渡句或过渡词组来加以联系，以达到通顺之效果。
以下是我们对写作中英文逻辑关系以及引导各种逻辑关系连接词和词组的归纳：
总结关系过渡词语
generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude
比较对比关系过渡词语
similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless
列举关系过渡词语
for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, such as, namely, that is, like, thus, first, second, third, finally, in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, to start with, what is more, furthermore, eventually, besides, in addition (to that), first and foremost, last but not least, next, also, moreover, for one thing, for another
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