l 表示否定意义的词
如no, hardly, never, scarcely, seldom, barely, rarely, no longer, not until, no sooner...than，hardly...when, not only...but also, not, little, at no time, by no means(决不), on no account(决不), in no case, in no way, under/in no circumstances等放在句首时后面主谓要倒装。
Under no circumstance and at no time shall we be the first to use nuclear weapons.
On no account are visitors allowed to feed the animals in the zoo.
Hardly had I arrived when a quarrel broke out.
l Only + adverb(副词), prepositional phrase(介词短语), adverbial clause(状语从句)置于句首时，后面的主谓需要倒装。
Only in this way can we hope to solve the problem of environmental pollution.
全部倒装
全部倒装是指包括表语和状语在内的整个谓语放在主语之前，它的语序是：表语或状语+谓语动词+主语。全部倒装应用的情况
l 用在作为地点状语的介词短语后面
On the bed lay the dying patient.
l 当用作表语的形容词或分词置于句首时
Great and spacious and beautiful is our beloved motherland.
l here/there/now/then/hence置于句首而主语不是人称代词时
Here comes the bus.
排比平行结构
排比平行结构是句子连贯的表现形式与标志之一，可以用来陈述一系列事实，也可并列相同的语言成分。名词、冠词、形容词、副词、语法结构相同的词组，分词短语、主句或分句都可以平行排比。大家看下面的例子：
That means listening to music of all schools and all periods, old and new, conservative and modern.
五、段落组织技巧
开头段
开头段的作用是概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，表明写作意图，要求语言精练，直接切入主题或引出观点，一般不对主题进行深入的探讨，具体的论证或说明描述应该在中间段落进行，开头段一般写三、四句即可。在组织开头段时要注意避免以下几点：
² 开头偏离主题太远，否则会容易导致切题不准，主题不明
² 使用抱歉或埋怨之词句，因为社会主旋律是倡导积极向上的思想
² 内容不具体，言之无物，使用不言自明的陈述，给人以充数累赘之感
四级写作中常用的开头段的表达方法举例如下：
l 使用引语(use a quotation)
使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。
如：
“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.
分析：开头引用Colton的名言说明“创造机会”对于成功的重要性，点明主题。
l 引用具体或粗略的数据 (use figures or statistics)
当然对于图表题型，该种方法是必须的选择，具体做法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据，然后作出概括性分析，点明主题或引出需要论述的问题。
如：
As is demonstrated in the table, more and more college graduates are out of a job in our country, which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security. It is estimated that in 2004, there are 500,000 unemployed graduates, more than 30% higher than in 2002.
分析：文章引用2004年找不到工作的毕业生达到50万这一数据来说明大学生找
工作难这一现象的严重性，很有说服力。
l 提出问题(ask a question)
提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。
如：
What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning? Work-based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things.
分析：文章开头提出“你想从工作中得到什么”这一问题，然后自问自答，指出工作
除了物质利益，还可以给我们带来很多其它收获这一结论。
l 给出具体实例或报道(offer relevant examples or reports)
给出具体生活实例或新闻报道
如：
As regards the stress for college students, there has been a heated discussion among the public in the society. It was reported that a student killed four of his classmates just because of a trivial matter. It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect.
分析：文章通过引用新闻报道的一个实例，说明了大学生心理问题的严重性。
l 定义法(give definition)
针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。
如：
As we all know, practice makes perfect. This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers, and now it is still widely applied to our daily life. It means that the more we practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.
分析：文章用It means that这一句型，说明了practice makes perfect的含义。
l 主题句法(use of topic sentence)
文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。
如：
Nowadays one of the serious problems China is faced with is the increasing illiteracy among the adolescents. According to a recent survey by Dr. Li, dean of Educational Department of Beijing Normal University, about 18% of the children between 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of school across the country.
分析：文章开头即提出中国的文盲现象日益严重这一问题，然后再用实例数据加以佐证。
开头段的常用核心句型归纳如下，大家可选择使用：
l As opposed to generally accepted views, I believe that …
l The arguer may be right about …, but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that ….
l Although it is commonly agreed that …, it is unlikely to be true that ….
l There is an element of truth in this statement, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that ….
l In all the discussion and debate over …, one important fact is generally overlooked.
l On the surface (At first thought), it (this) may seem a sound (an attractive)
suggestion (solution / idea), but careful weighing on the mind (on closer analysis / on second thought), we find that …
l Although many people believe that …, I wonder whether the argument bears much analysis
l The danger (problem / fact / truth / point) is that….
l I agree with the above statement because I believe that ….
l There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of …. Those who object to …
argue that …. But people who favor …, on the other hand, argue that….
l Currently (In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now), there is (has
been) a(n) general (widespread / growing / widely held) feeling towards (concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in)….
l As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that ….
l Now it is commonly (widely / generally / increasingly) believed (thought / held /
accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged) that …. But I wonder (doubt) whether …
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