英语四级新题型(阅读)冲刺讲义【新东方】

考试易犯的五大错误 翻译高分攻略 新四级冲刺方略

           D) Noise Making and Language Learning

第九课时

方法总结
1、主题句法
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:

    Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the nursing shortage（不足）, hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel's example.
    At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state. Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient's illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary.
    The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.
    Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized（分散的）nursing administration; every floor, every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse-managers instead of head nurses; in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they make salary recommendations. Each unit's nurses decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when.
    Beth Israel's nurse-in-chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hospital. She also is a member of the Medical Executive Committee, which in most hospitals includes only doctors.

21. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital?
   A) The doctor gets more active professional support from the primary nurse.
   B) Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night.
   C) The primary nurse writes care plans for every patient.
   D) The primary nurse keeps records of the patient's health conditions every day.
22. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
   A) compared with other hospitals nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patient
   B) in most hospitals patient care is inadequate from the professional point of view
   C) in most hospitals nurses get low salaries
   D) compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hours at Beth Israel Hospital
23. A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when ________.
   A) the present one is refused by the patient
   B) the patient complains about the present one
   C) the present one proves to be ineffective
   D) the patient is found unwilling to cooperate
24. The main difference between a nurse-manager and a head nurse is that the former ________.
   A) is a member of the Medical Executive Committee of the hospital
   B) has to arrange the work shifts of the unit's nurses
   C) can make decisions concerning the medical treatment of a patient
   D) has full responsibility in the administration of the unit's nurses
25. The author's attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel hospital is ________.
   A) negative                       C) critical
   B) neutral                        D) positive

Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:

    Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive（认识的）areas such as attention and memory. This is true regardless of age.
    People will be alert（警觉的）and receptive（愿意接受的）if they are faced with information that gets them to think about things they are interested in. And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.
    Many experts are so convinced of the benefits of challenging the brain that they are putting the theory to work in their own lives. "The idea is not necessarily to learn to memorize enormous amounts of information," says James Fozard, associate director of the National Institute on Aging. "Most of us don't need that kind of skill. Such specific training is of less interest than being able to maintain mental alertness." Fozard and others say they challenge their brains with different mental skills, both because they enjoy them and because they are sure that their range of activities will help the way their brains work.
    Gene Cohen, acting director of the same institute, suggests that people in their old age should engage in mental and physical activities individually as well as in groups. Cohen says that we are frequently advised to keep physically active as we age, but older people need to keep mentally active as well. Those who do are more likely to maintain their intellectual abilities and to be generally happier and better adjusted. "The point is, you need to do both," Cohen says. "Intellectual activity actually influences brain-cell health and size."

21. People who are cognitively healthy are those ________.
   A) whose minds are alert and receptive
   B) who are highly intelligent
   C) who can remember large amounts of information
   D) who are good at recognizing different sounds
22. According to Fozard's argument, people can make their brains work more efficiently by ________.
   A) constantly doing memory work            C) going through specific training
   B) making frequent adjustments              D) taking part in various mental activities
23. The findings of James and other scientists in their work ________.
   A) remain a theory to be further proved
   B) have been challenged by many other experts
   C) are practised by the researchers themselves
   D) have been generally accepted
24. Older people are generally advised to ________.
   A) keep mentally active by challenging their brains
   B) keep fit by going in for physical activities
   C) maintain mental alertness through specific training
   D) maintain a balance between individual and group activities
25. What is the passage mainly about?
   A) How biochemical changes occur in the human brain.
   B) Why people should receive special mental training as they age.
   C) How intellectual activities influence brain-cell health.
   D) Why people should keep active not only physically but also mentally.

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:

    When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty（保单）, or any other records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
    A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In general, the "higher up" the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer's favour, assuming he or she has a just claim.
    Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter.
    Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in question. If this cannot be done, the consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by making general statements. For example, "The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming out of the right one is unclear" is better than "This stereo（立体声音响）does not work."
    The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint does not achieve the desired result, the consumer can go a step further. She or he can threaten to take the seller to court or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers' rights.

31. When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, the first thing he should do is to ________.
   A) complain personally to the manager
   B) threaten to take the matter to court
   C) write a firm letter of complaint to the store of purchase
   D) show some written proof of the purchase to the store
32. If a consumer wants a quick settlement of his problem, it's better to complain to ________.
   A) a shop assistant                     C) the manufacturer
   B) the store manager                   D) a public organization
33. The most effective complaint can be made by ________.
   A) showing the faulty item to the manufacturer
   B) explaining exactly what is wrong with the item
   C) saying firmly that the item is of poor quality
   D) asking politely to change the item
34. The phrase "live up to" (Para. 1, Line 2) in the context means ________.
   A) meet the standard of                 C) fulfill the demands of
   B) realize the purpose of                D) keep the promise of
35. The passage tells us _________.
   A) how to settle a consumer's complaint about a faulty item
   B) how to make an effective complaint about a faulty item
   C) how to avoid buying a faulty item
   D) how to deal with complaints from customers

Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:

    For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological（生理的）"drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
    It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
    Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights—and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
    Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.

26. According to the author, babies learn to do things which ________.
   A) are directly related to pleasure      C) will bring them a feeling of success
   B) will meet their physical needs       D) will satisfy their curiosity
27. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby ________.
   A) would make learned responses when it saw the milk
   B) would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
   C) would continue the simple movements without being given milk
   D) would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
28. In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.
   A) have the lights turned on          C) please their parents
   B) be rewarded with milk            D) be praised
29. The babies would "smile and bubble" at the lights because ________.
   A) the lights were directly related to some basic "drives"
   B) the sight of the lights was interesting
   C) they need not turn back to watch the lights
   D) they succeeded in "switching on" the lights
30. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of ________.
   A) a basic human desire to understand and control the world
   B) the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
   C) their strong desire to solve complex problems
   D) a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills

Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:

    American society is not nap（午睡）friendly. In fact, says David Dinges, a sleep specialist at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, "There's even a prohibition against admitting we need sleep." Nobody wants to be caught napping or found asleep at work. To quote a proverb:" Some sleep five hours, nature requires seven, laziness nine and wickedness eleven."
    Wrong. The way not to fall asleep at work is to take naps when you need them. "We have to totally change our attitude toward napping," says Dr. William Dement of Stanford University, the godfather of sleep research.
    Last year a national commission led by Dement identified an "American sleep debt" which one member said was as important as the national debt. The commission was concerned about the dangers of sleepiness: people causing industrial accidents or falling asleep while driving. This may be why we have a new sleep policy in the White House. According to recent reports, President Clinton is trying to take a half-hour snooze（打磕睡）every afternoon.
    About 60 percent of American adults nap when given the opportunity. We seem to have "a midafternoon quiet phase," also called "a secondary sleep gate." Sleeping 15 minutes to two hours in the early afternoon can reduce stress and make us refreshed. Clearly, we were born to nap.
    We Superstars of Snooze don't nap to replace lost shut-eye or to prepare for a night shift. Rather, we "snack" on sleep, whenever, wherever and at whatever time we feel like it. I myself have napped in buses, cars, planes and on boats; on floors and beds; and in libraries, offices and museums.

21. It is commonly accepted in American society that too much sleep is ________.
   A) unreasonable                    C) harmful
   B) costly                          D) criminal
22. The research done by the Dement Commission shows that Americans ________.
   A) don't like to take naps
   B) sleep less than is good for them
   C) are terribly worried about their national debt
   D) have caused many industrial and traffic accidents
23. The purpose of this article is to ________.
   A) convince the reader of the necessity of napping
   B) explain the danger of sleepiness
   C) discuss the side effects of napping
   D) warn us of the wickedness of napping
24. The "American sleep debt" (Line 1, Para, 3) is the result of ________.
   A) the rapid development of American industry
   B) the new sleep policy of the Clinton Administration
   C) the traditional misconception the Americans have about sleep
   D) the Americans' worry about the danger of sleepiness
25. The second sentence of the last paragraph tells us that it is ________.
   A) preferable to have a sound sleep before a night shift
   B) natural to take a nap whenever we feel the need for it
   C) essential to make up for lost sleep
   D) good practice to eat something light before we go to bed

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
    It is hard to track the blue whale, the ocean's largest creature, which has almost been killed off by commercial whaling and is now listed as an endangered species. Attaching radio devices to it is difficult, and visual sightings are too unreliable to give real insight into its behavior.
    So biologists were delighted early this year when, with the help of the Navy, they were able to track a particular blue whale for 43 days, monitoring its sounds. This was possible because of the Navy's formerly top-secret system of underwater listening devices spanning the oceans.
    Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies.
    Earth scientists announced at a news conference recently that they had used the system for closely monitoring a deep-sea volcanic eruption（爆发）for the first time and that they plan similar studies.
    Other scientists have proposed to use the network for tracking ocean currents and measuring changes in ocean and global temperatures.
    The speed of sound in water is roughly one mile a second—slower than through land but faster than through air. What is most important, different layers of ocean water can act as channels for sounds, focusing them in the same way a stethoscope（听诊器）does when it carries faint noises from a patient's chest to a doctor's ear. This focusing is the main reason that even relatively weak sounds in the ocean, especially low-frequency ones, can often travel thousands of miles.

31. The passage is chiefly about ________.
   A) an effort to protect an endangered marine species
   B) the civilian use of a military detection system
   C) the exposure of U.S. Navy top-secret weapon
   D) a new way to look into the behavior of blue whales
32. The underwater listening system was originally designed ________.
   A) to trace and locate enemy vessels
   B) to monitor deep-sea volcanic eruptions
   C) to study the movement of ocean currents
   D) to replace the global radio communications network
33. The deep-sea listening system makes use of ________.
   A) the sophisticated technology of focusing sounds under water
   B) the capability of sound to travel at high speed
   C) the unique property of layers of ocean water in transmitting sound
   D) low-frequency sounds travelling across different layers of water
34. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
   A) new radio devices should be developed for tracking the endangered blue whales
   B) blue whales are no longer endangered with the use of the new listening system
   C) opinions differ as to whether civilian scientists should be allowed to use military technology
   D) military technology has great potential in civilian use
35. Which of the following is true about the U.S. Navy underwater listening network?
   A) It is now partly accessible to civilian scientists.
   B) It has been replaced by a more advanced system.
   C) It became useless to the military after the cold war.
   D) It is indispensable in protecting endangered species.
2、求和法
3、利用实验目的找主题
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:

    Taste is such a subjective matter that we don't usually conduct preference tests for food. The most you can say about anyone's preference, is that it's one person's opinion. But because the two big cola（可乐饮料）companies—Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed so aggressively, we've wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. We set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either Coca-Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting.
    We invited staff volunteers who had a strong liking for either Coca-Cola Classic（传统型）or Pepsi, Diet（低糖的）Coke, or Diet Pepsi. These were people who thought they'd have no trouble telling their brand from the other brand.
    We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the other. We asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the records statistically to compare the participants' choices with what mere guess-work could have accomplished.
    Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7 out of 19 regular cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse-only 7 of 27 identified all four samples correctly.
    While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times. Two people got all four samples wrong. Overall, half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste burnout, was not a factor. Our preference test results suggest that only a few Pepsi participants and Coke fans may really be able to tell their favorite brand by taste and price.

56. According to the passage the preference test was conducted in order to ________.
   A) find out the role taste preference plays in a person's drinking
   B) reveal which cola is more to the liking of the drinkers
   C) show that a person's opinion about taste is mere guess-work
   D) compare the ability of the participants in choosing their drinks
57. The statistics recorded in the preference tests show ________.
   A) Coca-Cola and Pepsi are people's two most favorite drinks
   B) there is not much difference in taste between Coca-Cola and Pepsi
   C) few people had trouble telling Coca-Cola from Pepsi
   D) people's tastes differ from one another
58. It is implied in the first paragraph that ________.
   A) the purpose of taste tests is to promote the sale of colas
   B) the improvement of quality is the chief concern of the two cola companies
   C) the competition between the two colas is very strong
   D) blind tasting is necessary for identifying fans
59. The word "burnout" (Line 4, Para. 5) here refers to the state of ________.
   A) being seriously burnt in the skin
   B) being unable to burn for lack of fuel
   C) being badly damaged by fire
   D) being unable to function because of excessive use
60. The author's purpose in writing this passage is to ________.
   A) show that taste preference is highly subjective
   B) argue that taste testing is an important marketing strategy
   C) emphasize that taste and price are closely related to each other
   D) recommend that blind tasting be introduced in the quality control of colas

4、主题词法
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:

    A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement（新拓居地）spread ever farther westward. The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safe, effective stopping system. Once these were solved, the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation. By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi. There were also regional southern and western lines.
    The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system. In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific. The Government helped the railroads generously with money and land. Actual work on this project began four years later. The Central Pacific Company, starting from California, used Chinese labor, while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish labourers. The two groups worked at remarkable speed, each trying to cover a greater distance than the other. In 1869 they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah. Many visitors came there for the great occasion. There were joyous celebrations all over the country, with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement.
  The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement. It also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets. In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States.

36. The major problems with America's railroad system in the mid 19th century lay in ________.
   A) poor quality rails and unreliable stopping systems
   B) lack of financial support for development
   C) limited railroad lines
   D) lack of a transcontinental railroad
37. The building of the first transcontinental system ________.
   A) brought about a rapid growth of industry and farming in the west
   B) attracted many visitors to the construction sites
   C) attracted labourers from Europe
   D) encouraged people to travel all over the country
38. The best title for this passage would be ________.
   A) Settlements Spread Westward
   B) The Coast-to-Coast Railroad: A Vital Link
   C) American Railroad History
   D) The Importance of Railroads in the American Economy
39. The construction of the transcontinental railroad took ________.
   A) 9 years                              C) 4 years
   B) 7 years                              D) 3 years
40. What most likely made people think about a transcontinental railroad?
   A) The possibility of government support for such a task.
   B) The need to explore Utah.
   C) The need to connect the east coast with the west.
   D) The need to develop the railroad industry in the west.

Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.
    Most episodes of absent-mindedness—forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room—are caused by a simple lack of attention, says Schacter. "You're supposed to remember something, but you haven't encoded it deeply."
    Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later. Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and don't pay attention to what you did because you're involved in a conversation, you'll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in your wardrobe（衣柜）. "Your memory itself isn't failing you," says Schacter. "Rather, you didn't give your memory system the information it needed."
    Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. "A man who can recite sports statistics from 30 years ago," says Zelinski, "may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox." Women have slightly better memories than men, possibly because they pay more attention to their environment, and memory relies on just that.
    Visual cues can help prevent absentmindedness, says Schacter. "But be sure the cue is clear and available," he cautions. If you want to remember to take a medication（药物）with lunch, put the pill bottle on the kitchen table—don't leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket.
    Another common episode of absent-mindedness: walking into a room and wondering why you're there. Most likely, you were thinking about something else. "Everyone does this from time to time," says Zelinski. The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room, and you'll likely remember.

26. Why does the author think that encoding properly is very important?
   A) It helps us understand our memory system better.
   B) It enables us to recall something from our memory.
   C) It expands our memory capacity considerably.
   D) It slows down the process of losing our memory.
27. One possible reason why women have better memories than men is that ________.
   A) they have a wider range of interests
   B) they are more reliant on the environment
   C) they have an unusual power of focusing their attention
   D) they are more interested in what's happening around them
28. A note in the pocket can hardly serve as a reminder because ________.
   A) it will easily get lost
   B) it's not clear enough for you to read
   C) it's out of your sight
   D) it might get mixed up with other things
29. What do we learn from the last paragraph?
   A) If we focus our attention on one thing, we might forget another.
   B) Memory depends to a certain extent on the environment
   C) Repetition helps improve our memory
   D) If we keep forgetting things, we'd better return to where we were.
30. What is the passage mainly about?
   A) The process of gradual memory loss.
   B) The causes of absent-mindedness.
   C) The impact of the environment on memory.
   D) A way of encoding and recalling.

文章主题题型：

Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:

    Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do — especially in a tight job market, Bob Crossley, a human-resources expert notices this in the job applications that come across his desk every day. "It's amazing how many candidates eliminate themselves," he says.
    "Résumés（简历）arrive with stains. Some candidates don't bother to spell the company's name correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate," Crossley concludes. "if they cannot take care of these details, why should we trust them with a job?"
    Can we pay too much attention to details? Absolutely. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. "To keep from losing the forest for the trees," says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco, "We must constantly ask ourselves how the details we're working on fit into the larger picture. If they don't, we should drop them and move to something else."
    Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA. "The Apollo II moon launch was slightly off-course 90 percent of the time," says Garfield. "But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments as necessary." Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake.
    Too often we believe what accounts for others' success is some special secret or a lucky break（机遇）. But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow.

26. According to the passage, some job applicants were rejected ________.
   A) because they eliminated their names from the applicants' list themselves
   B) because of their inadequate education as shown in their poor spelling in writing a resume
   C) because they failed to give a detailed description of their background in their applications
   D) because of their carelessness as shown in their failure to present a clean copy of a resume
27. The word "prefectionists" (Para. 3, Line 1) refers to those who ________.
   A) pay too much attention to details only to lose their maior objectives
   B) know how to adjust their goals according to the circumstances
   C) demand others to get everything absolutely right
   D) are capable of achieving perfect results in whatever they do
28. Which of the following is the author's advice to the reader?
   A) Careless applicants are not to be trusted.
   B) Don't forget details when drawing pictures.
   C) Be aware of the importance of a task before undertaking it
   D) Although too much attention to details may be costly, they should not be overlooked
29. The example of the Apollo II moon launch is given to illustrate that ________.
   A) minor mistakes can be ignored in achieving major objectives
   B) keeping one's goal in mind helps in deciding which details can be overlooked
   C) adjustments are the key to the successful completion of any work
   D) failure is the mother of success
30. The best title for this passage would be ________.
   A) Don't Be a Perfectionist                C) Importance of Adjustments
   B) Details and Major Objectives            D) Hard Work Plus Good Luck

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