37. Compared with the old one, this new edition .
A) has been made more applicable
B) is easier to learn
C) covers a wider range of subject matter
D) has improved the balance between theory and practice
38. One of the features of this textbook is that .
A) some contents are dealt with in terms of philosophy
B) it has an outline for each chapter
C) it introduces the physical principles in great depth
D) it can be used for different course arrangements
39. The words “Conversely, however” (para. 4, line 1) indicate that .
A) many topics can be emphasized though they were not covered in the old edition
B) many topics can be emphasized though they were usually omitted by instructorsC) many topics have been added to the new edition as they were not covered in the old one
D) many topics have been added to the new edition though they can be omitted by the instructors
40. To meet the needs of a particular course, the teacher of this book can omit some of the contents provided that .
A) his selection is based on the request of his students
B) he does not omit any chapter completely
C) his students are particularly intelligent
D) he keeps an eye on the internal relations between the chapters
Unit 3
(35 minutes)
Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
The health-care economy is filled with unusual and even unique economic relationships. One of the least understood involves the peculiar roles of producer or “provider” and purchaser or “consumer” in the typical doctor-patient relationship. In most sectors of the economy, it is the seller who attempts to attract a potential buyer with various inducements of price, quality, and utility, and it is the buyer who makes the decision. Such condition, however, does not prevail in most of the health-care industry.
In the health-care industry, the doctor-patient relationship is the mirror image of the ordinary relationship between producer and consumer. Once an individual has choice — it is the physician who usually makes all significant purchasing decisions: whether the patient should return “next Wednesday,” whether X-rays are needed, whether drugs should be prescribed, etc. It is a rare and sophisticated patient who will challenge such professional decisions or raise in advance questions about price, especially when the disease is regarded as serious.
This is particularly significant in relation to hospital care. The physician must certify the need for hospitalization, determine what procedures will be performed, and announce when the patient may be discharged. The patient may be consulted about some of these decisions, but in the main it is the doctor's judgments that are final. Little wonder when that in the eye of the hospital it is the physician who is the real “consumer.” As a consequence, the medical staff represents the “power center” in hospital policy and decision-making, not the administration.
Although usually there are in this situation four identifiable participants — the physician, the hospital, the patient, and the payer (generally an insurance carrier or government) — the physician makes the essential for all of them. The hospital becomes an extension of the physician; the payer generally meets mosts of the bills generated by the physician/hospital; and for the most part the patient plays a passive role. We estimate that about 75-80 percent of health-care expenditures are determined by physicians, not patients. For this reason, economy directed at patients or the general are relatively ineffective.
