一.中国文化类

　　四大发明：the four great inventions

　　印刷术/*活字印刷术：printing/movable-type printing

　　造纸术：paper-making

　　指南针：compass

　　火药：gunpowder

　　丝绸之路：the Silk Road

　　瓷器/*陶器：china/pottery

　　硬币/纸币：coins/paper bills

　　对外贸易/海外贸易/*海上贸易：foreign trade/overseas trade/maritime commerce

　　古代文明：ancient civilization

　　文化交流：cultural exchange

　　文化冲突：cultural shock/cultural conflict

　　文化产业：cultural industry

　　文化遗产：cultural heritage

　　乡村文化：rural culture

　　民族文化：national culture

　　民间艺术：folk art

　　表演艺术：performing art

　　特征：feature/characteristic

　　祖先：ancestor

　　哲学家：philosopher

　　中国文学：Chinese literature

　　中外学者：Chinese and overseas scholars

　　巨著：great works

　　显著成就：remarkable achievements

　　神话/传说：myth/legend

　　阳历/阴历：solar calendar/lunar calendar

　　金/木/水/火/土：metal/wood/water/fire/earth

　　工艺/手工艺品：craft/ handicraft

　　唐朝：Tang Dynasty

　　始于...年/持续...时间/灭亡：begin in/last for/collapse

　　统治/统治者：govern (v.) rule (v)/ruler (n.)

　　在...统治下：during the reign of ...

　　权力/权威：power/authority

　　戏剧/京剧/剧院：drama/Peking Opera/theater

　　诗人/政客：poet/politician

　　少数民族：ethnic minority

　　社会地位：social status

　　起源于：originate in/from …

　　(在一个地方起源用in，从一个地方起源用from)

　　追溯到: be traced back to …/trace … back to…

　　发源地：birthplace

　　古代：ancient times

　　现代：modern times

　　独特元素：a unique element

　　组成(选一背诵即可)：

　　A constitute B/A comprise B/A make up B (A组成B)

　　B consist of A/B is composed of A (B由A组成)

　　【常见错误：切忌不要用comprise of】

　　工业革命：industrial revolution

　　代表：represent/stand for

　　象征：symbolize (v.) /symbolic (adj.) /symbol (n.)

　　繁荣：prosperous (adj.) / prosperity (n.) /flourish (v.)

　　国宝：national treasure

　　*腐败：corruption

　　*扩大领土：extend the territory/domain

　　*夺取政权：seize the power

　　*才子佳人：gifted scholars and beautiful ladies

　　*下棋饮茶：play chess and drink tea

　　*耕耘收割：sow and reap

　　*织布缝衣：weave and sew

　　*湖上打渔：fish on the lake

　　*砍柴采药：cut firewood and gather herbs

　　*吟诗作画：compose poems and paint pictures

　　经典模板句练习：

　　1.中国武术(martial art)的起源可以追溯到自卫的需要、狩猎活动以及古代中国的军事训练 (CET-4)。

　　The origin of Chinese martial art can be traced back to the needs of self-defense, hunting and ancient Chinese military training.

　　2.构成现在世界基础的许多元素都起源于中国 (CET-4)。

　　Many elements which constitute/comprise the foundation of the modern world originated in China.

　　3.最出名的就是门神和三大神——福神、薪神和寿神(Three Gods of Blessing, Salary and Longevity)，寓意着庄稼丰收，家畜兴旺和庆祝春节 (CET-4,6)。

　　The most famous ones are Door Gods and Three Gods of Blessing, Salary

　　and Longevity, symbolizing/which symbolize the good/abundant harvest of crops, the

　　prosperity of domestic/home animals and the celebration of the Spring Festival.

　　4.那时，黄色是专为皇帝使用的颜色，皇家宫殿全都漆成黄色，皇袍总是黄色的，而普通老百姓是禁止穿黄色衣服的 (CET-4)。

　　At that time, yellow was only/exclusively used for the emperor. The royal palace was painted yellow and the imperial robe was always yellow. However, ordinary people were forbidden to wear clothes of the color.

　　5.反应在艺术和文学中的乡村生活理想是中国文明的重要特征。这在很大程度上归功于道家(Taoist)对自然的感情。(CET-6)

　　The rural life ideal reflected in the arts and literature is an important feature of Chinese civilization. This, to a large extent, can be attributed to the Taoist affection towards nature.

　　6.汉朝统治期间有很多显著的成就，它最先向其他文化敞开了大门，对外贸易兴旺。汉朝开拓的丝绸之路通向中西亚乃至罗马，各类艺术流派繁荣，涌现了很多文学，历史，哲学巨著。(CET-6)

　　There are a number of remarkable achievements during the reign of the Han dynasty, which first unlocked the door to other cultures and made foreign trade prosperous. The Silk Road which the Han dynasty has explored led to Central and Western Asia, and even to Rome, with all varieties of art schools flourishing and many works in literature, history and philosophy.

　　7.大妈是对中年妇女的称呼，但是现在特指不久前金价大跌时大量购买黄金的中国妇女。(CET-6)

　　The word “dama” is used to describe middle-aged women. However, it particularly refers to those Chinese women who rushed to purchase a large amount of gold when the gold price decreased sharply not long ago.

　　8.宋朝还最早使用火药并发明了活字(movable-type)印刷。人口增长迅速，越来越多的人住进城市，那里有热闹的娱乐场所。社会生活多种多样。人们聚集在一起观看和交易珍贵艺术品。宋朝的政府体质在当时也是先进的。政府官员均通过竞争性考试选拔任用。(CET-6)

　　The Song Dynasty was the first to use gunpowder and to invent movable-type printing. With rapidly increasing population, more and more people moved into cities, in which entertainment venues were very busy. There are many forms of social life. The Song dynasty also had an advanced government system in the world. All of the government officials were selected and appointed through the competitive examination.

　　二.旅游城市类

　　风景/风光：scenery/landscape

　　目的地：destination

　　景点：tourist attraction/scenic spot

　　游览：sightseeing (n.)/see the sight

　　历史古迹：historic site

　　文物：cultural relic

　　位于：be located in

　　以…而闻名/作为…而闻名：be famous for …/be famous as

　　享誉盛名：earn a great reputation

　　有…年历史：has a history of … years

　　面积/人口：area/population

　　平方公里：square kilometers

　　规模：scale

　　渔村/水乡：fishing village/water town

　　偏远地区：remote areas

　　日出/日落：sunrise/sunset

　　湿润的/干燥的：wet(humid)/dry

　　宏伟壮丽：magnificent

　　治疗疾病：treat diseases

　　温泉/瀑布：hot spring/waterfall

　　园林建筑：garden architecture

　　寺庙/殿堂：temple/hall

　　塔：pagoda/tower

　　楼：mansion

　　亭：pavilion

　　溪/河/海：stream/river/sea

　　林/田/*牧：forest/field/pasture

　　东南角/东南部：southeastern corner/southeastern part

　　华北：North China/northern China/northern regions of China

　　陕南：southern Shaanxi

　　江南：Yangtze River Delta

　　山东省中部：in the center of Shandong Province

　　*蜿蜒小路：winding road/trail

　　朝圣/朝圣者 pilgrimage/pilgrim

　　*避暑胜地：summer resort

　　*美不胜收：too many beautiful things to be appreciated at once

　　*闻名遐迩：known far and wide

　　*奇花异草：exotic flowers and herbs

　　*络绎不绝：an endless stream

　　山水画：landscape painting

　　摄影：photography

　　获得灵感：obtain inspiration

　　缆车：cable cars

　　新趋势：new trend/tendency

　　背包旅行/背包客：backpacking/backpacker

　　体验文化：experience cultures

　　丰富知识：enlarge knowledge

　　拓展视野：broaden horizon

　　生活节奏：life tempo/pace

　　餐馆/旅馆：restaurant/hotel

　　住宅/集市/庭院：dwelling/market/courtyard

　　洪水/干旱：flood/drought

　　衣食住行：clothing, meals, accommodation, transportation

　　月饼：moon cake

　　海鲜：seafood

　　年糕：rice cake

　　饺子：dumplings

　　面条：noodle

　　面粉：flour

　　粥：porridge

　　米饭(水稻)：rice

　　谷物(粮食)：grain

　　小麦：wheat

　　三明治：sandwich

　　汉堡：hamburger

　　汤：soup

　　菜：dish/cuisine(dish是一道菜，cuisine是菜肴、烹饪)

　　糖/盐/醋/酒/油：sugar/salt/vinegar/wine/oil

　　色/香/味/行：color/aroma/taste/appearance

　　酸/甜/苦/辣/咸/淡：sour/sweet/bitter/spicy/salty/light

　　煮/炸/熏/烤：boil/fry/smoke/bake(roast, grill)

　　西瓜/葡萄：watermelon/grape

　　经典模板句练习：

　　1.黄山位于安徽省南部。它风景独特，尤以其日出和云海著称。(CET-4)。

　　Mount Huang is located in the south of Anhui province. With unique sceneries, it is particularly famous for the sunrise and the sea of clouds.

　　2.年轻游客数量的不断增加，可以归因于他们迅速提高的收入和探索外部世界的好奇心。 (CET-4)。

　　The number of young tourists/travelers/visitors is increasing, which can be attributed to the rapid growth of their income and the curiosity to explore the outside world.

　　3.传说中国古代哲学家墨子用了三年时间在潍坊制作了世界上首个风筝，但放飞的第一天风筝就坠落并摔坏了。(CET-4)。

　　It is said that Motse, one of the philosophers in ancient China, spent three years in Weifang in making the first kite in the world, and that the kite fell and crashed on the first day when it flew in the sky.

　　4.中国南方大多种植水稻，人们通常以大米为主食;而华北大部分地区因为过于寒冷或过于干燥，无法种植水稻，那里的主要作物是小麦。(CET-4)。

　　Rice is mainly grown in southern China where people usually take rice as the staple food. However, because it is either too cold or too dry, it is impossible to grow rice in most of the northern regions of China, so the main crop there is wheat.

　　5.丽江到处都是美丽的自然风光，众多的少数民族同胞提供了各式各样、丰富多彩的文化让游客体验。(CET-4)

　　There is beautiful natural scenery everywhere in Lijiang, and many ethnical minorities provide tourists with a great variety of cultural experiences.

　　6.珠江是华南一大河系，流经广州市，是中国第三长的河流，仅次于长江和黄河。(CET-4)

　　The Pearl River, an extensive river system in southern China, flows through Guangzhou City. It is the China’s third longest river which is only after the Yangtze River and the Yellow River.

　　7.长江流经多种不同的生态系统，是诸多濒危物种的栖息地，灌溉了中国五分之一的土地。(CET-4)

　　Flowing through many different ecosystems, the Yangtze River is the habitat to a whole host of endangered species and irrigates one fifth of the land in China.

　　8.中国园林是经过三千多年演变而成的独具一格的园林景观。它既包括为皇室成员享乐而建造的大型花园，也包括学者、商人和卸任的政府官员为摆脱嘈杂的外部世界而建造的私家花园。这些花园构成了一种意在表达人与自然之间应有的和谐关系的微缩景观。典型的中国园林四周有围墙，园内有池塘、假山(rockworks)、树木、花草以及各种各样由蜿蜒的小路和走廊连接的建筑。漫步在花园中，人们可以看到一系列精心设计的景观犹如山水画卷(scroll)一般展现在面前。(CET-6)

　　The Chinese garden has become a landscape of a unique style after an evolvement of more than 3000 years. It includes not only the large gardens built for royal members to enjoy themselves, but also the private gardens built for scholars, merchants and retired government workers to get rid of the noisy outside world. These gardens constitute a miniature designed to express the harmonious relationship between man and nature. A typical Chinese garden is surrounded by walls. In the garden, there are ponds, rockworks, trees, flowers and all kinds of buildings which are linked by winding trails and corridors. Wandering in the garden, people may feel that a series of well-designed scenery exhibit itself before us like a landscape scroll.

　　三.科学教育类

　　大一/大二/大三/大四：freshman/sophomore/junior/senior

　　学士/硕士/博士：bachelor/master/doctor

　　获得学位：obtain/receive a degree

　　文凭/证书：diploma/certificate

　　学年：academic year

　　学期：term/semester

　　学习成绩：academic record

　　学习表现：academic performance

　　学分：credit

　　毕业论文：thesis [本硕] dissertation [博士]

　　文科/理科：arts/science

　　本科生：undergraduate

　　大学毕业生：college/university graduates

　　研究生：postgraduate

　　博士生：Ph.D. candidate

　　幼儿园：kindergarten

　　小学：primary school/elementary school

　　中学：secondary school/high school

　　系/主修/辅修：department/major/minor

　　教学设施：teaching facility

　　食堂：dining hall/canteen

　　宿舍：dormitory

　　选修课：elective/optional course

　　学费：tuition fee

　　教授/副教授/讲师：professor/associate professor/lecturer

　　全体老师：faculty

　　终身教育：lifelong education

　　*素质教育：quality-oriented education

　　*应试教育：exam-oriented education

　　理论知识：theoretical knowledge

　　实践知识：practical knowledge

　　信息时代：information age

　　逃课：skip class

　　*德智体美劳全面发展：all around development of moral, intellectual, physical, aesthetics and labor education

　　学习氛围：learning atmosphere

　　激发兴趣：stimulate one’s interest

　　开发潜力：tap one’s potential

　　学生减负：reduce study load

　　做兼职：work part-time

　　*自我约束：self-discipline

　　自我训练：self-training

　　代沟：generation gap

　　*辍学/失学学生：school dropout/leaver

　　*课外活动：extracurricular activity/ after-school program

　　学生会：students’ association

　　*研讨会：seminar

　　考研：take the Graduate School Admission Test

　　创业：start/build one’s own business

　　出国/出国留 ：go abroad/study abroad

　　就业：get/find a job

　　重点大学：key university

　　招生：recruit (v.)/recruitment (n.)

　　录取：enroll (v.)/ enrollment (n.)

　　申请入学：apply for admission to/into …

　　高考：College Entrance Examination/

　　雇主/雇员：employer/employee

　　职业培训：job training

　　奖学金：scholarship

　　专门人才：professional personnel

　　创新：innovation

　　经典模板句练习：

　　1.通过阅读，人们能更好的学会感恩、有责任心和与人合作。(CET-4)。

　　By/Through reading, people can better learn to be grateful, responsible and cooperative.

　　2.美国网民更多的是受实际需要的驱使，用互联网为工具发电子邮件、买卖商品、做研究、规划旅程或付款。(CET-4)。

　　The American netizens are more likely to be driven by practical needs, using the Internet as a tool to send emails, buy and sell products, make researches, arrange trips or make payments.

　　3.中国的创新正以前所未有的速度蓬勃发展。(CET-4)。

　　China’s innovation is developing/flourishing at an unprecedented speed.

　　4.中国父母往往过于关注孩子的学习。(CET-4)。

　　Chinese parents usually pay too much attention to their children’ s study / the study of their children.

　　四.政治经济类

　　一千：one thousand

　　一万：ten thousand

　　百万：one million

　　十亿：one billion

　　收益/成本/利润/花费：benefit/cost/profit/expense

　　优等品/劣质品：superior goods/inferior goods

　　风险/投资：risk/investment

　　商品：commodity

　　消费：consumption (n.)/consume (v.)

　　折扣：discount

　　发达的/发展中/欠发达：developed/developing/underdeveloped

　　经济危机：economic crisis

　　*经济衰退：economic recession

　　经济萧条：economic depression

　　经济复苏：economic recovery

　　*货币贬值：devaluation

　　*通货膨胀：inflation

　　*顺差/逆差：favorable balance/adverse balance

　　*关税：tariff

　　*债务减免：debt relief

　　*国内补贴：domestic subsidy

　　可持续发展：sustainable development

　　私营企业：private enterprise

　　购买力：purchasing power

　　预算：budget

　　*风险资本：venture capital

　　经济调节：economic regulation

　　*技术密集型产业：technology-intensive industry

　　*劳动密集型产业：labor-intensive industry

　　出口/进口：export/import

　　生产力：productivity

　　零售/批发：retail/wholesale

　　需求/供给：demand/supply

　　满足需求：meet the need

　　实施/推行：implement/carry out

　　强调：emphasize

　　提倡：advocate

　　号召：call on

　　共同努力：joint effort

　　*集体的/个人的：collective/individual

　　改善/增强/提高/推动：improve/enhance/boost/promote

　　解决：tackle/deal with/solve/address

　　人力资源：human resources

　　就业机会：job opportunity

　　国家安全：national security

　　*边界谈判：boundary negotiation

　　核能：nuclear energy

　　*维持外交关系：maintain diplomatic relations

　　*维护世界和平：safeguard world peace

　　版权：copyright

　　盗版：piracy

　　基因芯片：genetic chip

　　改革开放：reform and opening-up

　　技术转让：technology transfer

　　航天技术：space technology

　　*尖端技术：state-of-the-art technology/cutting-edged technology

　　*改造传统：renovate conventional industries

　　*建设国家创新体系：develop a national innovation system

　　工程中心：engineering center

　　*专利：patent

　　*应用型科研机构：application-based research institution

　　*工业升级：industrial upgrade

　　生物技术/生命科学：biotechnology/life science

　　纳米技术：nano technology

　　*网络犯罪：cyber crime

　　网民：netizen

　　教育公平：education equality

　　教育器材：education equipment

　　沿海城市：coastal city

　　占…比例：account for … percent

　　*签署合同：sign a contract

　　消除贫困：eliminate/reduce/get rid of poverty

　　环境保护：environmental protection

　　污染预防：pollution prevention

　　污染控制：pollution control

　　治理环境污染：curb environmental pollution

　　基本政策：basic policies

　　*废水/废气：waste water/waste gas

　　*环境恶化：environmental degradation/deterioration

　　城市的/城市化：urban/urbanization

　　农村的：rural

　　*开发可再生资源：develop renewable resources

　　濒危野生动物：endangered wildlife

　　*机械/机械化：machinery/mechanization

　　补充词汇：

　　必修课：required course

　　春节：the Spring Festival

　　除夕：Lunar New Year’s Eve

　　中秋节：Mid-autumn Festival

　　清明节：Tomb-sweeping Festival

　　元宵节：Lantern Festival

　　端午节：Dragon Boat Festival

　　年夜饭：family reunion dinner

　　烟花/爆竹：fireworks/firecracker

　　赏灯：view the lanterns

　　*拜年：pay a New Year call

　　豆类：bean

　　经典模板句练习：

　　1.中国政府创建了深圳经济特区，作为实施社会主义市场经济的试验田。(CET-4)

　　The Chinese government established the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone as the experimental plot for implementation of socialist market economy.

　　2.仅在11月11日，中国消费者就从国内最大的购物平台购买了价值90亿美元的商品。中国有不少这样的特殊购物日。因此，快递业(courier)在中国扩展就不足为奇了。(CET-4)

　　Just on Nov. 11th, Chinese customers bought 9 billion dollars of goods from the biggest online shopping website. Since there are many such special shopping days in China, it is no wonder that courier services have expanded in China.

　　3.为了促进教育公平，中国已经投入360亿元，用于改善农村地区教育设施和加强中西部地区农村义务教育。(CET-4)

　　In order to promote the equality in education, China has invested 36 billion yuan to improve the education facilities in rural areas and enhance the rural compulsory education in the central and western regions.

　　4.2011年3月日本人核电站事故后，中国的核能开发停了下来。中止审批新的核电站，并开展全国性的核电安全检查。(CET-4)

　　After the Japanese nuclear power plant/station accident in March, 2011, the development of the China’s nuclear power stopped. The approval of new nuclear power plants was suspended, and the nationwide nuclear energy safety inspection started.

　　5.早在使用机械和化肥之前，勤劳和富有创造性的中国农民就已经采用各种各样的方法来增加农作物产量。(CET-6)

　　Long before the use of machinery and fertilizers, industrious and creative farmers had already used different kinds of methods to increase crop yields.

　　6.第二份报告公布了一些应用科学研究的热门领域，如3D打印和人造器官研究。(CET-6)

　　The second report announces some heated areas in applied science, for instance, 3D printing and the study of artificial organs.

　　7.年均10%的GDP增长已使五亿多人脱贫。联合国的“千年(millennium)发展目标”在中国均已达到或即将达到。目前，中国的第十二个五年规划强调发展服务业和解决环境及社会不平衡的问题。(CET-6)

　　An average annual GDP growth rate at 10% makes over 500 million people get rid of poverty. The Millennium Development Goals of the U.N. either have been achieved or will be achieved soon in China. Currently, the 12th Five-Year Plan of China emphasizes the development of service industry and the solutions to environment and the imbalance of society.

　　8.这一新公布的计划旨在减少四种主要污染源，包括500万辆机动车的尾气(exhaust)排放、周边地区燃煤、来自北方的沙尘暴和本地的建筑灰尘。(CET-6)。

　　This newly announced plan aims to reduce four major pollution sources, including exhaust emissions from over 5 million vehicles, the burning of coals in the surrounding areas, the sandstorms and dust storms from the north areas and the local construction dusts.

　　9. 教育部还决定改善欠发达地区学生的营养，并未外来务工人员的子女提供在城市接受教育的同等机会。(CET-6)

　　The Ministry of Education has also decided to improve the nutrition of students in underdeveloped areas and provide equal opportunity for the children of migrant workers to receive education in cities.

　　10.中国政府一直提倡“以人为本”的发展理念，强调人们以公交而不是私家车出行。它还号召建设“资源节约和环境友好型”社会。有了这个明确的目标，中国城市就可以更好地规划其发展，并把大量投资转向安全、清洁和经济型交通系统的发展上。(CET-6)

　　The Chinese government invariably advocates the idea for development: “people are the most important element” and emphasizes that one should take public transportation rather than drive private cars. It also calls for the construction of a “resource-saving and environment-friendly” society.

　　11.在未来几年，中国将着力增加职业学院的招生人数：除了关注高等教育外，还将寻找新的突破以确保教育制度更加公平。(CET-6)

　　In the next few years, China will increase the number of people in vocational college. Except focusing on the higher education, the government will find a breakthrough point to ensure the justice of education.

　　12.如果父母决定为孩子报名参加一个课外班，以增加其被重点学校录取的机会，他们会坚持自己的决定，即使孩子根本不感兴趣。(CET-6)

　　Once the parents decide to sign up an afterschool class for their children in order to increase their chance of being admitted to a good school, they will stick to their decision, even though their children have no interest in it at all.

　　13.中国的大学和研究所正在积极开展创新研究，这些研究覆盖了从大数据到生物化学，从新能源到机器人等各类高科技领域。(CET-6)

　　Chinese universities and institutes are actively doing innovative researches, covering various fields of high technology, from big data to biochemistry, and from new energy to robots.

 

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