第四单元 结尾段的写作
文章的结尾段与引言段同样重要。引言段是文章主题的提要，结尾段则是对文章的归纳和总结。它可再次吸引读者并给读者留下深刻印象。结尾段的写作方式也取决于文章的类型，常见的结尾段的写作方法有以下几种：
1、重申主题
重申主题，即再次强调和肯定文章引言段中阐述的中心思想，是一种极为普遍的结尾方式。
结尾段：There is enough evidence showing how invalid the certificate is in evaluating the overall abilities and qualities of an applicant and therefore, we should consider many other facets of an applicant’s qualifications rather than feeling satisfied with just the paper certificate.
2、归纳文章要点，加深读者印象
即将前面各段中所讨论的内容缩写、归纳和整理，进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点。
结尾段：In my opinion, a balance of these two kinds of activities might be more useful to those who live in retirement. In other words, physical activities are necessary for good health but intellectual recreation provides the most pleasure.
3、提出建议，提出解决方法
这种方法特别适合用于讨论问题的文章，比如对某事的原因或结果的分析，提出建议或解决方法。
结尾段：On the whole, as a pernicious hobby, smoking will do you more harm than good. For your own health, please keep away from smoking.
4、展望未来
即在文章结尾处表示对未来的期望或号召读者采取行动。
结尾段：However, it may be that we still have a long way to go before we have a clear world. Nearly all of the countries are trying hard to prevent and control air pollution. There indeed seems to be no end to tasks that environmentalists will be required to do. People will continually find new ways to control pollution.
5、引用格言、谚语或习语总结全文
结尾段：Not until then did I understand the meaning of the proverb, “Helping others is the source of happiness.”
6、提出问题，无须回答
即形式为问句，而意义是肯定的，具有很明显的强调作用，发人深思。
结尾段：In spite of what we hear, to the contrary, modern doctors deserve the money they earn. If we consider the cost and time of years of schooling they must coop with, the time required as an intern doctor, the cost of equipment they must purchase, and the long hours spent in their offices, is it appropriate they be paid well for their time, knowledge and skills?
课后练习
用指定方式完成下列结尾段：
1、提出建议：
Therefore, to control population growth more strictly is clearly essential to the country’s reforms and economic development. We should_______________________
_________________________________________________________________.
2、提出问题：
Therefore, listening and spoken English abilities must be consciously improved. Since the two abilities are such important means of learning and communication, why_____
____________________________________________________________________.
3、引语：
Later risers may find it very hard to get into the habit of early rising. They ought to make special effort to do so. As the English proverb says, “_____________________
_______________________________________________________.
4、展望未来：
Once mastered, English is useful in many ways. You can read English books and other publications; you can talk to a native speaker; you can write a letter to your friend, etc. You can even pay a visit to France or Russia even though you don’t know French or Russian, since English___________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.
第五单元 写作词语运用技巧
段落清楚、句子结构准确和用词得当是高分作文的关键。而写好段落和文章的重要标志就是能否有效地应用词汇来扩展句子。因此词汇是写作的技巧。一般来说词语层次上应掌握以下技巧：
一、用词要凝练简洁
凝练简洁不是说要避免写长句子，而是要在清楚表达意思的同时砍掉那些不必要的词。即凝练简洁不在于句子的长短而取决于是否高效地应用文字来清楚说明问题，使文章通俗易懂。因此，写作时要避免华而不实的词。
比较下列句子：
（1）、
（a）、These congresses are an ideal opportunity for the presentation of the latest development and the promotion of the new products and services on the market.
（b）、These congresses are an ideal opportunity for presenting the latest development and promoting the new products and services on the market.
（2）、
（a）、The reduction of membership fees for all partners will become a reality next year.
（b）、Membership fees will be reduced for all partners next year.
（3）、
（a）、The intensification of our efforts during the year is for the improvement of our overall communication.
（b）、We intensified our efforts during the year to improve our overall communication.
（4）、
（a）、There is often 15 or 30 minutes to be saved by taking one route rather than another to reach the same destination.
（b）、Often 15 or 30 minutes can be saved by taking one route rather than another to reach the same destination.
二、恰当运用介词
英语中的介词远比中文介词数量多，用途广，而且能和动词构成多种多样的词组。下面看几个句子：
A letter was sent to Bob.
A letter was sent from Bob.
A letter was sent for Bob.
A letter was sent by Bob.
变了一个介词就变了整个句子的意思。所以介词及其短语一向是英语学习的重点。
