三、巧用短语和词组
除了用词不准确之外，有的同学由于词组欠缺，使其文章句子呆板。相反，要想提高写作质量，就必须扩大词组量。
四、熟练运用逻辑连接词语
先后次序关系
First, Second,…at last To start with Next Eventually Afterwards
At last but not the least To end with Finally Seeing…. Since then
To begin with First of all
原因、结果关系
As a result Hence Because of this On account of So…
Being that Due to As a result of… Because Since
In that… So that… For this reason …and so… As
Consequently Owing to… There are about… For Thus
In view of Therefore As a consequence In consequence
Another important factor of… For the reason that…
转折关系
Independent of Even though Even so But
In spite of that Despite that Though But unless
Regardless of However Reckless of And yet Yet…
并列关系
And Also Too As well as Either…,or… Both…and
递进关系
Moreover At the same time In other words Not only…, but also…
In addition In order to do… In this way Further Still
Meanwhile In the first space… On the other hand… Furthermore Even
Moreover In the second place… On the one hand… Accordingly Besides
Not…, but Along this line of consideration As a popular saying goes,…
比较关系
Likewise By doing so When in fact When compared with
Similarly In the same vein Apart from Similarly important
…rather than… In comparison with Compared with By the same token
对比关系
On the contrary Different from this However Contrary to In contrast
As opposed to But on the other hand Conversely While Nevertheless
Opposed to As opposed to this By way of Whereas
举例关系
For instance As regards Such as As to For example
As he explains I will say… Like As for Notably
In particular According to… Namely Stated roughly Including…
Put it simply As you know Consider… You may ask/say
强调关系
Particularly What is more important In particular Moreover
By definition In is certain/sure that… Not to mention… To be true
To be strict Other thing being equal Believe it or not In reality
Especially In fact Indeed
条件关系
Unless If necessary In this sense If If so
If possible If it is the case Provided that… If not all Lest
归纳总结关系
In summary Hence Therefore To conclude In other words
To sum up In brief In short The conclusion can be drawn that…
五、词汇量不足的应急措施
词汇量不足是影响写作的一个重要因素。一个意思往往会因为一个单词不会而表达不清，一个好的句子也会因为一个词汇想不起来而不能完成。如何应付这种情况使作文顺利进行下去？下面三种简便的应急措施可能对你有所帮助。
1、试用笼统词
英语中笼统词有have，take等，笼统词的重要特点在于意义广泛、搭配性强、构成词组后可替代众多具体动词。虽然不能精确表达一个动作，却能大致表达意思。举例如下：
1、I experienced a terrible time. = I had a terrible time.
2、I will preside over the meeting. = I will take the meeting.
3、Do you understand my meaning? = Do you take my meaning?
4、They occupied the city. = They took the city.
5、The boy resembles his father. = The boy takes after his father.
2、联想有关词汇
当遗忘产生时，或遇到未学过的词时，应采取放射性思维，发挥想象力，想出一切与之有关的单词，利用语言的内在联系，多层次多角度的运用语言。一般联想可按照下列思路进行：
①、联想同义词。举例如下：
1、I had a nightmare last night. = I had a bad dream last night.
2、He is stupid. = He is foolish. = He is a fool. = He is silly.
3、The food is delicious. = The food is tasty. = The food tastes good.
4、His temper is nasty. = His temper is terrible. = He has a bad temper.
②、联想反义词。举例如下：
1、He is stubborn. = He is not tame.
2、The knife is blunt. = The knife is not sharp.
3、This is expensive. = This is not cheap.
4、She is talkative. = She is never quiet.
3、使用解释性语句
语言的功能在于表达，而表达的方式是多种多样的。当一个词影响到某个意思的完整表达时，我们可以用迂回的方式加以沟通。举例如下：
He is a dumb. = He is a person who can not speak.
He refused. = He said “No.”
I’ve never seen such a stubborn person. = I’ve never seen such a person who never listens to other’s advice.
课后练习
完成下列作文题目，注意措词优美。
1、Is Pressure a Bad Thing?
2、If I were a Teacher
3、Fighting against Smoking
4、My Favorite Course
5、How to Spend the Two-day Weekend
第六单元 写作套路
我们知道，文章的结构掌控着文章的全局。作文的内容固然重要，但它离不开结构的衬托。没有结构的内容就犹如一盘散沙，令人无所适从。
以下的套路可以帮助初写者理清思路，使文章不至于离题万里。恰当使用这些套路的关键在于灵活运用而不是生搬硬套。
（一）、My View ON…题型
公说公有理，婆说婆有理，许多话题永远争论不休。写作常考的就是这种题型。例如：“1、失败是常有的事。2、人们对失败有各种不同的态度。3、我对失败的态度。” “1、有人认为金钱是幸福之本SOURCE OF HAPPINESS。2、也有人认为金钱是万恶之源ROOT OF EVIL。3、我的看法。”等等。下面三种套路可任选一个。
套路一：
People’s views/ideas/opinions on……vary from person to person. Some people think that…… They hold this opinion because…… However, others hold that……
As to me, I am in favor of the first/second idea. The following are the reasons of/for my choice/personal inclination.
First, while it is true that……, it doesn’t mean that…… Besides/On the other hand, …… Admittedly,…… but this is not to say that……
Therefore/In a word/From things mentioned above, ……
套路二：
Different people may have different views on…… It is held that…… But it is also held that……
Those who hold the first opinion…… In contrast, those who hold the second view……
As to me, I agree with the latter opinion. Admittedly, ……. But this is not to say that……
套路三：
When asked about a theme, different people will offer different opinions…… is no exception. Some people take it for granted/say/think/believe that…… However, others hold that……
As far as I am concerned, I am in favor of the first/second view. The reasons are as follows.
First, there is an element of truth that…… but it doesn’t follow that…… A case in point is that…… Therefore, the first view doesn’t hold water/cannot bear much analysis/can’t stand up to close examination.
In conclusion……
（二）、Advantage and Disadvantage of…题型
事物总是一分为二的。写作题目中有许多是涉及某一事物的正反两方面。比如“运动的积极因素和消极因素”，“双休日的好处与负作用”，“新的科技给社会带来的好处与问题”等等。凡涉及到利弊的题目时都可以用下面这个套路。
套路:
Nowadays, …… plays an important part/role in…… Like everything else, ……has/have both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantage can be listed as follows.
First, …… Besides, …… Most important of all, ……
But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. To begin with, …… To make matters worse/worst of all, ……
Through above analysis, I believe that the advantages/positive aspects outweigh the disadvantage/negative ones. Therefore, ……
