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　　How Safe Are KIDS' Prescription Drugs?

　　Drugs prescribed to children and adolescents have been much in the news lately.Health Canada has issued warnings about some drugs that both patients and physicians trusted,and it has withdrawn others from the market.What's going on?Parents should understand these complicated and confusing issues.

　　How Are Prescription Drugs Approved in Canada?

　　When a pharmaceutical company has a new drug.it applies to Health Canada for a licence to sell it.Based oninformation the company provides,including the results of clinical trials,the drug is either approved or the application is rejected.

　　Is There a Difference in the Way Drugs Are Approved for Children and Adults?

　　Normally.drugs are tested in adults first.Dr.Denis Daneman.a clinical investigator at The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto,says,“we have to be remarkably careful because children are physiologically different than adults and are seen by physicians as a highly vulnerable group.”

　　What Happens Once a Drug Is Approved?

　　“Once approved,” explains Daneman.“it's available on the market and doctors can prescribe it for any indication they'd like to.” Even if it has not been tested specifically in children.he says.“physicians may start to use it either in small trials or what we call off-label (use of a prescription drug to treat a condition for which the drug has not been approved) in children.”

　　How Common Is Off-label Use?

　　Dr.Michael Rieder. director of the Adverse Drug Reaction Clinic at the Children's Hospital of Western Ontario,says,“drugs commonly used in children，such as antibiotcs and asthma drugs,are tested in children.” But,he says,“there is a misconception that children take only those drugs.We did a study looking at a million kids in Canada over a year.It turns out they used l,400 different drugs,of which 60 percent have not been tested,or approved for use in children.”

　　If a Drug Is Safe in Adults,Why Do You Need to Test It in children?

　　Health Canada's Dr.Siddika Mithani says.“children are not small adults.”Their physiology is different.That goes for adolescents.too.Dr.Eric Wookltorton.an Ottawa-based family physician who writes a column on adverse events for the Canadian Medical Association Journal,says,“Depo Provera is an injectable birth-control product used by women of all ages.No one thought to test it in adolescents until recently.Teenagers arelaying down bone density and this drug decreased bone density.”

　　Are Older Drugs Safer?

　　“If I were to use a medication off-label that's been around for some time,I'd be less concerned about it.” advises Dr.Peter Nieman.a Calgary pediatrician.“But if you use a medication that's being promoted as che best thing since sliced bread,and you know it's fairly new and are using it off-label,you are a bit nervous.”

　　How Many Side Effects Are Reported?

　　In 2004 Health Canada received 10,238 reports of adverse reactions in people of all ages.The number of reports has been increasing since 1999,when just under 6,000 were sent in.However.Dr.Bruce Carleton.of the pharmaceutical outcomes program at the Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia，says,“95 percent of negative reactions are never reported.”Wooltorton explains:“how do you track the more minor,long-term side effects,the ones where kids are a little bit stunted in growth or they are having learning problems in school.There's no regulation and no financial incentive to report anything at all.”

　　Should We Be More Careful with Some Drugs?

　　Dr.Jack Uetrecht,a Canada Research Chair in adverse drug reactions,advises extra caution with drugs that affect the central nervous system.“The effects and long-term outcomes of giving these types of drugs aren't totally understood. Make sure the appropriate tests are given to make as clear a diagnosis as possible.and that the appropriate treatment is given based on that diagnosis.Talking to the patient for a few minutes and prescribing a drug would not be the best method.If there is a severe clinical problem and a clear clinical benefit,then the benefit is worth the risk.”

　　Can Side Fffects Be Prevented?

　　If your child has had a reaction to a drug in the past,an allergist can advise if she is still allergic.and if so,what could be used instead.Genome Canada is funding an $8.4-million research project that may helpprevent side effects in the future.led by Carleton and geneticist Michael Hayden,director of the Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics.It is looking for genetic markers that would signal if a child was at risk for an adverse reaction.“There are genetic differences in the way a lot of physiological processeshappen in the human body,”says Carleton.“It makes sense that those differences would affect the way we process drugs.Therefore,understanding when that situation exists would help us to construct better guidelines.”

　　What Should You Ask About Your Child's Prescription?

　　First,be sure it is really necessary,says Wooltorton.“A lot of children don't always need prescriptions for a lot of things.Ear infections are an example of when antibiotics are sometimes,but not always,necessary.But there is a tendency in our society to want our kids to be like us.We want to get back to work.We want them to get back to school.We want a quick fix.But‘how wi11 we know the drug is working?'A child with asthma,for example,is usually given a couple of medications.One will be to open the airways.He should feel better after the First dose.If he doesn't,we have a problem.The other medication is used to reduce inflammation.This will decrease the number of acute breathless episodes,but it takes time to have an effect.”Find out how long your physician has been using the drug,says Rieder,and what the experience has been like.Your doctor may know quite a lot about the drug, even if it is being used off-label.

　　What Should Parents Watch Out for?

　　Dr.Michael Kramcr,of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research,says you should contact your physician“ifyour child is very sleepy or is agitated and unable to sleep.You should also be concerned about any rashesthat cause blistering or hivcs.”When you pick up a medication at the drugstore,it often comes with a listof potential side effecfs.Maura MacPhee,who teaches in the School of Nursing at the University of British Columbia,says,“this is generic information.Before leaving the physician's office,make sure you know what side effects are the ones you need to worry about with your child.”

　　How Safe Is the System?

　　In the last 25 to 30 years,we have seen significant advances in the treatment of childhood leukemia.“WhenI was training 30 years ago,”says Daneman,“childhood leukemia had an 80-percent mortality rate;now the survival rate is better than 80 percent.”Another important development:More drugs are being tested now in children.Daneman says:“if you look at the number of studies that go on,there are many more in the last five to eight years than there were 20 0r 30 years ago.”

　　1.Which of the following is requested by Health Canada before it permits a drug to be sold?

　　A) The aize and the weight of the drug.

　　B) The suggested price of the drug.

　　C) The results of clinical trials of the drug.

　　D) The production budget of the drug.

　　2.Who is seen by Dr.Denis Daneman as a highly vulnerable group?

　　A) Pregnant women.

　　B) Children.

　　C) Elderly people over 70.

　　D) Middle-aged men.

　　3.How many kinds of drugs are now used by children off-label?

　　A) 840.

　　B) 60.

　　C) 1400.

　　D) 560.

　　4.Depo Provera is a drug that can result in adolescents'_____________.

　　A) stomach upset

　　B) low blood pressure

　　C} high cholesterol

　　D) decreased bone density

　　5.Some minor and long-term side effects were not reported due to______________.

　　A) patients' ignorance

　　B) lack of financial incentive

　　C) doctor's irresponsibility

　　D) shortage of health workers

　　6.Dr.Jack Uetrecht is most concerned about drugs' side effect on________________.

　　A) the nervous system

　　B) the digestive system

　　C) the respiratory system

　　D) the skeleton system

　　7.Dr.Jack Uetrecht suggests that an accurate diagnosis is the basis of________________.

　　A) appropriate treatment

　　B) prescribing a new drug

　　C) avoidance of side effects

　　D) feasible medical tests

　　8.The project funded by Genome Canada hopes to prevent adverse reactionsafter identifying relevant______________.

　　9.If a child with asthma suffers acute breathless episodes,he should take medicine to________________.

　　10.When buying a medicine in a drugstore or getting it from a physician,parents need to watchout for its__________________.

　　答案：

　　1.[C][定位]根据题干中大写的专有名词Health Canada查找到第1个小标题How Are Prescription Drugs Approved in Canada?部分的第2句。

　　解析：原文该句中的including...后的内容与选项C相同，因此本题答案为选项C。

　　2.[B][定位]根据题干中的人名Dr.Denis Daneman查找到第2个小标题Is There a Difference in the Way Drugs Are Approved for Children and Adults?部分的第2句。

　　解析：原文该句中的children...are seen... as a highly vulnerable group明确表明本题应选B。

　　3.[A][定位]根据题干中的off-label以及选项是的数字查找到第4个小标题How Common Is Off-label Use?部分的末句。

　　解析：本题答案需经过简单的计算才能得出，根据原文该段末句提及的1400种药有60%属于off-label可以算出本题答案应为选项A。选项B和C虽然在原文提及，但不符合题意，选项D在原文没有直接提及，也不符合题意。

　　4.[D][定位]根据题干中的药名Dcpo Provera查找到第5个小标题If a Drug Is Safe in Adults,Why Do You Need to Test It in Children?部分的末句。

　　解析：原文该句末的this drug指的是该段倒数第3句提到的Depo Provera，末句指出Depo Provera会“decreased bone density”，显然，本题答案应为选项D。

　　5.[B][定位]根据题干中的minor and long-term查找到第7个小标题How Many Side Effects Are Reported?部分的最后三句。

　　解析：原文该段倒数第3句描述了如题干所述的现象，末句解释了原因，选项B是末句提到的两个原因之一，为本题答案。

　　6.[A][定位]根据题干中的人名Dr.Jack Uetrecht查找到第8个小标题Should We Be More Careful with Some Drugs?部分的首句。

　　解析：原文该句表明Dr.Jack Uetrecht建议对于影响中枢神经系统的药物要格外谨慎，可见“神经系统”(nervous system)是他所关注的领域，因此本题应选A。

　　7.[A][定位]根据题干中的人名Dr.ack Uetrecht和the basis of查找到第8个小标题Should We Be More Careful with Some Drugs?部分的第3句。

　　解析：原文中的is...based on...与题目中的is the basis of...意思相反，这两个词组的主语和宾语位置也相反，本题答案应在原文is based on...前作主语，选项A与此处主语相同，由此可见，选项A正确。

　　8.[genetic markers]

　　[定位]根据题干中的大写专有名词Genome Canada查找到第9个小标题Can Side Effects Be Prevented?部分的第3句。

　　解析：空白处应为名词成分，作identifying的宾语。原文该部分第2、3句表明这个计划要做两件事：prevent side effects和look for genetic markers，题止提到了第一件事.而identifying和原文中的looking for功能相同，由此可见，looking for的宾语就是本题答案。

　　9.[reduce inflammation]

　　[定位]根据题干中的a child with asthma和acute breathless episodes查找到第10个小标题What Should You Ask About Your Child's Prescription?部分的倒数第3、4句。

　　解析：to表明空白处应为动词不定式成分。原文该段提到了哮喘的两种情况，本题提到的是第2种情况，倒数第4句指出这种情况可以通过吃药“消炎”来减轻症状，因此本题答案应为“消炎”，即倒数第4句提到的reduce inflammation。

　　10.[(potential)side effects]

　　[定位]根据题干中的watch out for查找到第11个小标题What Should Parents Watch Out for?部分的最后三句。

　　解析：空白处应为名词成分，作for的宾语。原文这三句都是为了解答本部分小标题提出的问题，表明父母要注意的就是药品的副作用，因此side effects就是本题答案。

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