七、定语从句和状语从句(Attributive Clauses and Adverbial Clauses)
定语从句
定语从句也称为关系从句或形容词性从句,由关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that或关系副词as, when, where, why等引导。关系词除了起引导作用外,还在从句中指代前面的先行词,并在从句中担任一定的成分。如:
The car which was stolen has been found.(which指代先行词car,在从句中作主语)
The house whose windows are broken is empty.(whose是所有格,在从句中作定语)
I shall never forget the day when I entered the university.(when指代先行词day,在从句中作时间状语)
1. 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
定语从句就其与先行词的关系而言,可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句和先行词之间没有逗号,表示对先行词起修饰限制作用;而非限定性定语从句和先行词之间有逗号分开,是对先行词进行补充说明,相当于并列句。如:
He is the man who has strong personality. (限定性定语从句)
My mother, who works abroad, is coming next week. (非限定性定语从句)
注:1)非限定性定语从句不能用that引导,一般用which, as或who(指人)。用which或as引导时,既可以修饰主句的部分内容,也可修饰主句的全部内容。如:
He spoke confidently, which impressed me most. (which指代整个主句,在从句中作主语)
2)as引导的非限定性定语从句既可放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后,但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句之前。如:
As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth.
The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people’s life greatly.
3) 在限定性定语从句中,关系代词作宾语时可以省略;但在非限定性定语从句中,关系代词作宾语时不能省略。如:
The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher. (which可以省去)
She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before. (whom不能省去)
2. 通常只用关系代词that,不用which, who或whom的几种情况
1)当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none, few等时,如:
All that you want is here.
2) 当先行词被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very等修饰时。如:
There is no person that doesn’t make mistakes.
3) 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如:
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
4) 当出现两个或两个以上的先行词,并同时兼指人或物时。如:
We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited.
5) 当主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时。如:
Who is the person that is standing over there?
6) 当定语从句为there be句型时,关系代词只能用that,但经常可以省略。如:
I know the difference (that) there is between you.
7) 当关系代词在从句中作表语时,常用that。如:
He does not seem to be the man that he was. 他似乎和过去不一样了。
3. 与其他词连用引导的定语从句
As引导定语从句时,可指人也可指物,通常与the same, such, so等连用,形式为:the same … as, such … as, as … as, so … as。as在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等。如:
She knew he felt just the same as she did. 她知道他的感觉与她自己的一样。(as代替事,作宾语)
I lend you such books as will interest you. 我借给你使你感兴趣的书。(as代替物,作主语)
注:the same … as和the same … that的用法不同。as引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物“相似”,指同类事物;that引导的定语从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物是“同一个”,指同一事物。如:
This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 这和我昨天丢的笔一样。(类似的笔)
This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. 这支笔就是我昨天丢的那支。(同一支笔)
4. “介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句
在“介词 + which / whom”结构中,介词的选择取决于三种情况:
1)定语从句中谓语动词与表语的搭配。如:
This is the college in which I am studying.
He is the man about whom we are talking.
2) 先行词与介词的习惯搭配。如:
The speed at which the machine operates is known on the meter.
3)当定语从句为最高级时只能用of which;否则用其他介词。如:
I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best.
I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK.
注:不可拆分的动词短语介词不能提前,如put up with;有的短语可能有不同的介词搭配,此时需要根据上下文来确定。如:be familiar with / to, compare with / to等。
有时为表意清楚,还可以在关系副词where / when前加介词from, to等。如:
China is the birthplace of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan, Thailand and India.
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黑龙江 | 内蒙古 |