Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions:

　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

　　Text 1

　　21.Copper and her colleague argue that a "town of culture" award would ___.

　　A. consolidate the town city ties in Britain

　　B. promote cooperation among Brain's towns

　　C. increase the economic strength of Brain's towns

　　D. focus Brain's limited resources on cultural events.

　　22.According to paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as ______..

　　A.a sensible compromise

　　B.a self-deceiving attempt

　　C.an eye-catching bonus

　　D.an inaccessible target

　　23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it ______

　　A. endeavor to maintain its image

　　B. meets the aspiration of its people

　　C. brings its local arts to prominence

　　D. commits to its long-term growth

　　24. “Glasgow” is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present ______

　　A. a contrasting case

　　B. a supporting example

　　C. a background story

　　D. a related topic

　　25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?

　　A. Skeptical B. Objective C. Favorable D. Critical

　　21 C increase the economic strength of Britain’s towns

　　这道题是细节题。题干问库珀和她的同事们认为“文化之城”这一奖项可能会怎样可以定位在第一段第三句：“Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull,……” “赫尔之冠”的成功并不局限于城市，它为赫尔带来了2.2亿欧元的投资和大量艺术作品。英国的城镇，确实没有被阻止申请，但他们通常缺乏资源来凑齐一点来击败他们更大的竞争对手。有人认为，“文化之城”奖可以成为一项年度活动，吸引资金并创造就业机会。所以能看出答案是C. 增强英国城镇的经济实力。

　　22 B a self-deceiving attempt

　　该题是推断题, 题干问:根据第二段，这一提议或许会被一些人认为是…….。 可以定位在第二段第一句“Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that……”“有些人可能会把这个提议看作是一个嘘声，因为英国已经不能再申请更有声望的欧洲文化之都的称号了……” 能看出来有些人是持反面态度的。很多人不认识boo，但是也能从后面的on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for,在绝望地为英国退欧后的世界重塑形象之际，英国即将消失在一场无休止的自我庆祝热潮之中. 接下来几个反问句，能看出来是一种自我欺骗的尝试，所以选择B。

　　23 D commits to its long-term growth

　　该题也是细节题, 题干问:作者认为这个头衔的持有者是成功的只要它……可以定位到第三段第三句，这些头衔真正成功的持有者，是那些除了为酒店带来收入、带来引人注目的艺术活动和一年的良好报道之外，还做了很多事情的人。它们转变了当地居民的愿望;他们将城市的自我形象推向更大胆、更乐观的一面。所以能看出只要他把致力于乡村的长期发展中，这个头衔就会是成功的。

　　24 A. a contrasting case

　　这题是写作目的题， 题干说：第3段提到格拉斯哥是为了展现什么。可以定位到第三段倒数第一句。可以看到前面有明显的BUT， 知道和前面的意思成相反。“这个问题很难解决，需要高度的远见卓识，也需要城市当局、私营部门、社区团体和文化组织之间的合作。但这是可以做到的:格拉斯哥作为欧洲文化之都的一年，可以被看作是一系列复杂的因素之一，这些因素把这座城市变成了艺术、音乐和戏剧的力量，直到今天。”

　　25 D favourable

　　这题是作者态度题，问作者对于这个建议的态度。第一段是提出该建议。第二段是一些人认为这个建议有点吹嘘。而只有最后一段能看出作者对此建议的态度，“一个“文化之城”不仅仅是艺术之城，而且要尊重一个城市的特色——帮助维持它的商业街，支持当地的设施，最重要的是赞美它的人民，并将其转化为行动。”所以能看出是积极赞成的态度。

　　Text 2

　　Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need joumals in which to publish

　　their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.

　　With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only fnd a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.

　　The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world,made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 toenable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.

　　The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.

　　In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.

　　Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around ￡500 to $5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these’’article preparation costs’’ had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.

　　26. Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money" partly because________

　　[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase .

　　[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.

　　[C] its payment for peer review is reduced.

　　[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.

　　27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have________

　　[A] thrived mainly on university libraries.

　　[B] gone through an existential crisis.

　　[C] revived the publishing industry.

　　[D] financed researchers generously.

　　28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?

　　[A] Relieved.

　　[B] Puzzled.

　　[C] Concerned

　　[D] Encouraged.

　　29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms________

　　[A]allow publishers some room to make money.

　　[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.

　　[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially.

　　[D] free universities from financial burdens.

　　30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?

　　[A] Trial subscription is offered.

　　[B] Labour triumphs over status.

　　[C] Costs are well controlled.

　　D] The few feed on the many.

　　26, 细节题 D its content acquisition cost nothing

　　根据题干中关键词a licence to print money because ,定位到第一段第二句，其他科学家也免费进行同行评议的专门工作，因为它是获得地位和生产科学知识的核心要素。正确选项D，acquisition原词， for free替换选项中的，cost nothing.

　　27, 细节题 A thrived mainly on universities libraries

　　根据题干关键词Elsevier定位到第三段第一句话，The Dutch giant Elsevier, ....made profits of more than 490m last year. while UK universities alone spent more than 210m in 2016,该公司去年利润超过4.9亿英镑 然而仅英国大学在2016年就花费了超过2.1亿英镑。正确选项A 主要依靠大学图书馆 为定位句的同意表达

　　28态度题 B concerned

　　根据题干中关键词Sci-Hub的成功定位到第四段第二句， The success of Sci- Hub, .... have themselves legally accessed shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants这表明法律生态系统在其用户中已经失去了合法性，必须进行改造，以便为所有参与者服务. 可见作者对于Sci- Hub的成功采取否定态度，正确选项B concerned担忧，担心。A relieved宽慰的，C puzzled困惑的属错误选项， D encouraged鼓励的，正反混淆

　　29推断题 A allow publishers some room to make money

　　根据题干关键词open access定位到第四段，最后一句 ...so that the publishers can make a profit before...,合理收取费用是未来出版商能够获利，A选项为同义替换。B render publishing much easier for scientists使发表对科学家来说容易得多 .C reduce the cost of publication substantiality 降低出版成本 D. free universities from financial burdens使大学摆脱财政负担

　　30 细节题 D the few feed on the many

　　根据题干关键词scientific publishing model定位到最后一段第五句，labour is provided places free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.劳动力被免费提供，以换取地位的希望，而一些经营市场的大公司则获得了巨额利润。 可知少部分作者免费劳动，大部分公司盈利，A选项为同义替换

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