Part B

　　Directions:

　　In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the lish A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices that do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

　　Archaeological study covers an extremely long span of time and a great variety of subjects. The earliest subjects of archaeological study date from the origins of humanity. These include fossil remains believed to be of human ancestors who lived 3.5 million to 4.5 million years ago. The earliest archaeological sites include those at Hadar, Ethiopia; Laetoli, Tanzania; East Turkana, Kenya; and elsewhere in East Africa. These sites contain evidence of the first appearance of bipedal (upright-walking, apelike early humans).41. ___________

　　The first physically modern humans, Homo sapiens, appeared in tropical Africa between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago—dates determined by molecular biologists and archaeologists working together. Dozens of archaeological sites throughout Asia and Europe show how people migrated from Africa and settled in these two continents during the last Ice Age (100,000 to 15,000 years ago). 42. ___________

　　Archaeologists have documented that the development of agriculture took place about 10,000 years ago. Early domestication—the planting and harvesting of plants and the breeding and herding of animals—is evident in such places as the ancient settlement of Jericho in Jordan and in Tehuacán Valley in Mexico. Archaeology plays a major role in the study of early civilizations, such as those of the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, who built the city of Ur, and the ancient Egyptians, who are famous for the pyramids near the city of Giza and the royal sepulchres (tombs) of the Valley of the Kings at Thebes. 43. ___________

　　Archaeological research spans the entire development of phenomena that are unique to humans. For instance, archaeology tells the story of when people learned to bury their dead and developed beliefs in an afterlife. Sites containing signs of the first simple but purposeful burials in graves date to as early as 40,000 years ago in Europe and Southwest Asia. By the time people lived in civilizations, burials and funeral ceremonies had become extremely important and elaborate rituals. 44. ___________

　　Archaeology also examines more recent historical periods. Some archaeologists work with historians to study American colonial life, for example. They have learned such diverse information as how the earliest colonial settlers in Jamestown, Virginia, traded glass beads for food with native Algonquian peoples; how the lives of slaves on plantations reflected their roots in Africa; and how the first major cities in the United States developed. 45. ___________

　　[A] For example, the Moche lords of Sipán in coastal Peru were buried in about AD 400 in fine cotton dress and with exquisite ornaments of bead, gold, and silver. Few burials rival their lavish sepulchres. Being able to trace the development of such rituals over thousands of years has added to our understanding of the development of human intellect and spirit.

　　[B] By 40,000 years ago people could be found hunting and gathering food across most of the regions of Africa. Populations in different regions employed various technological developments in adapting to their different environments and climates.

　　[C] Archaeological studies have also provided much information about the people who first arrived in the Americas over 12,000 years ago.

　　[D] The first fossil records of vascular plants—that is, land plants with tissue that carries food—appeared in the Silurian period. They were simple plants that had not developed separate stems and leaves.

　　[E] Laetoli even reveals footprints of humans from 3.6 million years ago. Some sites also contain evidence of the earliest use of simple tools. Archaeologists have also recorded how primitive forms of humans spread out of Africa into Asia about 1.8 million years ago, then into Europe about 900,000 years ago.

　　[F] One research project involves the study of garbage in present-day cities across the United States. This garbage is the modern equivalent of the remains found in the archaeological record. In the future, archaeologists will continue to move into new realms of study.

　　[G] Other sites that represent great human achievement are as varied as the cliff dwellings of the ancient Anasazi (a group of early Native Americans of North America) at Mesa Verde, Colorado; the Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the Andes Mountains of Peru; and the mysterious, massive stone portrait heads of remote Easter Island in the Pacific.

　　答案

　　41.E 42.C 43.G 44.A 45.F

　　总体分析

　　本文主要论述了考古学研究的发展，它延续了整个人类发展的历史(从人类起源之初到现代社会)，涉及了多种多样的主题(包括最早出现的人类，人类的迁徙、文明、埋葬仪式、美国殖民生活、现代城市垃圾等)。

　　[A] 比如，西潘地区莫切人的贵族们约在公元400年被埋葬，身着优质的棉质礼服，佩带着精致的珠子和金银装饰。很少有能与他们坟墓的华丽相媲美的。能够追溯这些仪式几千年的发展有助于我们理解人类智力和精神的发展。

　　[B] 到40万年前可以发现人们在非洲大部分地区狩猎和采集食物。不同地区的居民利用各种技术的发展来适应各自所处的不同环境与气候。

　　[C] 考古研究也提供了关于12万年前首先到达美洲的人类的许多信息。

　　[D] 最早的导管植物(即带有运载食物组织的陆地植物)的化石记录出现在志留纪时代。它们是没有形成独立的茎和叶的简单植物。

　　[E] 利特里甚至展现了360万年前的人类的足迹。一些遗址也包含了最早使用的简单工具的证据。考古学家们还记录了原始人类如何在约180万年前从非洲扩展到亚洲，然后在约90万年前进入欧洲的。

　　[F] 一个研究项目涉及对全美国现代城市垃圾的研究。这种垃圾相当于现代社会中发现的考古记录的遗骸。将来，考古学家会继续开拓新的研究领域。

　　[G] 其他代表人类伟大成就的遗址各式各样，像科罗拉多州梅莎尔地的古代阿纳萨齐人(北美洲的一群早期土著美国人)的崖下住居;位于秘鲁安梯斯山脉高处的马丘比丘的印加城;偏远的太平洋复活节岛上神秘而巨大的石刻人头肖像。