¡¡¡¡Part C

¡¡¡¡Directions:

¡¡¡¡Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)

¡¡¡¡While Hegel may not have been the first philosopher to write about history, he was the first historicist philosopher¡ªthat is, a philosopher who believed in the essential historical relativity of truth.Hegel maintained that all human consciousness was limited by the particular social and cultural conditions of man¡¯s surrounding environment¡ªor as we say, by ¡°the times¡±.(46)Past thought, whether of ordinary people or great philosophers and scientists, was not true absolutely or ¡°objectively¡±, but only relative to the historical or cultural horizon within which that person lived.Human history must therefore be seen not only as a succession of different civilizations and levels of material accomplishment, but more importantly as a succession of different forms of consciousness.(47)Consciousness¡ªthe way in which human beings think about fundamental questions of right and wrong, the activities they find satisfying, their beliefs about the gods, even the way in which they perceive the world¡ªhas changed fundamentally over time.And since these perspectives were mutually contradictory, it follows that the vast majority of them were wrong, or forms of ¡°false consciousness¡± to be unmasked by subsequent history.(48)The world¡¯s great religions, according to Hegel, were not true in themselves, but were ideologies which arose out of the particular historical needs of the people who believed in them.Christianity, in particular, was an ideology that grew out of slavery, and whose proclamation of universal equality served the interests of slaves in their own liberation.

¡¡¡¡The radical nature of Hegelian historicism is hard to perceive today because it is so much a part of our own intellectual horizon.We assume that there is an historical ¡°perspectivism¡± to thought and share a general prejudice against ways of thinking that are not ¡°up to date¡±.Historicism is implicit in the position of the contemporary feminist who regards her mother¡¯s or grandmother¡¯s devotion to family and home as a quaint holdover from an earlier age.(49)Much as progenitor¡¯s voluntary submission to a maleª²dominated culture might have been right¡°for her time¡± and may even have made her happy, it is no longer acceptable and constitutes a form of ¡°false consciousness.¡± Historicism is also implicit in the attitude of a black who denies that it is possible for a white person to ever understand what it means to be black.For though the consciousness of blacks and whites is not necessarily separated by historical time, they are held to be separated by the horizon of culture and experience with which each was nurtured, and across which there is only the most limited of communication.

¡¡¡¡The radicalness of Hegel¡¯s historicism is evident in his very concept of man.(50)He didn¡¯t deny that man had a natural side arising from needs of the body like food or sleep, but believed that in his most essential characteristic man was undermined and therefore free to create his own nature.Thus the nature of human desire, according to Hegel, is not given for all time, but changes between historical periods and cultures.

¡¡¡¡Section ¢ó Writing

¡¡¡¡Part A

¡¡¡¡51.Directions:

¡¡¡¡You¡¯re going to Lijiang and want to make a reservation in a hotel which your friend has once stayed in and thus recommended to you.Write a letter to the hotel, stating your requirements and inquiring whether they can be satisfied.

¡¡¡¡You should write about 100 words.Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter£¬using ¡°Li Ming¡± instead.You do no need to wrute the address.(10 points)

¡¡¡¡Part B

¡¡¡¡52.Directions£º

¡¡¡¡Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should

¡¡¡¡1)describe the drawing,

¡¡¡¡2)interpret its symbolic meaning, and

¡¡¡¡3)give your comments.

¡¡¡¡You should write about 160ª²200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)