¡¡¡¡(45) Japanese animation

¡¡¡¡Japanese animation, known as anime, blossomed after World War II ended in 1945 and today is immensely popular both within Japan and worldwide.

¡¡¡¡Current trends

¡¡¡¡Two trends in the animation industry are likely to have a profound influence on its future: a significant increase in production and exhibition opportunities, and the growing importance of new technologies.

¡¡¡¡[A] Some early live-action films, known as trick films, used the animation technique of stop action, whereby the camera is stopped and an object is removed or added to a shot before filming is resumed.

¡¡¡¡[B] Disney (with his then-partner Iwerks) created a character that was to become the most famous animated figure in history: Mickey Mouse.

¡¡¡¡[C] Aside from television, perhaps the largest influence on the style of recent animation worldwide has come from computer technologies. Experiments with electronic animation began in the 1930s, but it was not until the late 1970s that computer animation became viable beyond scientific and government applications, particularly for use by the entertainment industry.

¡¡¡¡[D] In each case, an animator must keep in mind the basic principle of frames per second (the number of images needed to produce one second of film). Because sound film runs at twentyª²four frames per second, a film animator must make twenty-four images for each second of animation that he or she wishes to create.

¡¡¡¡[E] The most important figure in Japanese animation, Osamu Tezuka, created in 1963 the first animated made-for-television series in Japan, "Tetsuwan Atom" (Astro Boy).

¡¡¡¡[F] For instance, if an animator decides on an action that will take 3 seconds of animation to complete, the animator will have to create images to fill 72 frames of film (3 seconds of movement multiplied by a running speed of 24 frames per second).

¡¡¡¡ÕýÈ·´ð°¸£º D;F;A;B;E

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¡¡¡¡43. Ñ¡A¡£A¶Î½²µÄÊÇÔçÆÚµçÓ°ÖÆ×÷ʹÓõÄÒ»ÖÖ¡°Ö¹¶¯¶¯»­¼¼Êõ¡±£¬ÆäÊ×¾äÖС°Some early films¡±¼°È«¶Î¹ýȥʱ̬µÄʹÓ㬰ïÖúÎÒÃÇÈ·¶¨¸Ã¶ÎÊÇÓйض¯»­µÄ·¢Õ¹ÀúÊ·µÄ¡£c¶ÎÖÐÒòΪ³öÏÖÁ˼¸´¦¹ýȥʱ¼ä£¬Èç¡°l930s¡±£¬¡°1970s¡±£¬ÈÝÒ×±»ÎóÑ¡¡£Æäʵ£¬C¶Î½²µÄÊǵçÄԿƼ¼¶ÔÏÖ´ú¶¯»­ÖÆ×÷µÄÓ°Ï죬Ö÷ÒªÊÇÔÚ½²¡°ÏÖÔÚ¡±¶ø²»ÊÇ¡°ÀúÊ··¢Õ¹¡±;¶øÇÒ£¬C¶ÎÊ×¾äµÄ¡°Aside from television¡±ÏԵñȽÏͻأ£¬ÒòΪԭÎĸù±¾Ã»ÓÐÌá¼°¡°television¡±£¬ÓÉ´ËÅжϣ¬Ò²²»Ó¦Ñ¡C¡£

¡¡¡¡44. Ñ¡B¡£ÕâÒ»Ìâ±È½Ï¼òµ¥£¬B¶ÎÊ×¾äµÄ¡°Disney¡±¾ÍÊÇÃ÷°×µÄÌáʾ¡£

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¡¡¡¡1. If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work force skills, American firms have a problem. Human resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm the United States. (46) Skill acquisition is considered as an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired¡ªrented at the lowest possible cost¡ªmuch as one buys raw materials or equipment.

¡¡¡¡The lack of importance attached to human-resource management call be seen in the corporation hierarchy. In an American firm the chief officer is almost always second in command. (47) The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chances to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central¡ªusually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm hierarchy.

¡¡¡¡(48) While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do the Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.

¡¡¡¡As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. (49) If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those is lower in Germany than it is the United States. (50) More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can't effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.

¡¡¡¡46). Skill acquisition is considered as an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired¡ªrented at the lowest possible cost¡ªmuch as one buys raw materials or equipment.

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¡¡¡¡47). The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chances to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO).

¡¡¡¡ÕýÈ·´ð°¸£º ÈËÁ¦×ÊÔ´¹ÜÀí¾­ÀíµÄְλͨ³£ÊÇÒ»ÏîרÃŵŤ×÷£¬±»»®ÔÚ¹«Ë¾µÈ¼¶±ßÔµÖ®Íâ¡£×øÔÚÕâ¸öλ×ÓÉϵľ­ÀíÖ÷¹ÜÈËÔ±´ÓÀ´²»»áÔÚÖ÷ÒªÕ½ÂÔÐÔ¾ö²ßÏÂÊܵ½×Éѯ£¬²¢ÇÒûÓлú»áÉÏÉýµ½Ö´ÐÐ×ܲõÄλ×ÓÉÏ¡£

¡¡¡¡48). While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do the Japanese or German firms.

¡¡¡¡ÕýÈ·´ð°¸£º ÃÀ¹ú¹«Ë¾¾­³£Ì¸µ½ËûÃÇÔÚÅàѵËûÃǵŤ×÷¶ÓÎéÉÏËù»¨·ÑµÄ´ó±ÊµÄÇ®£¬È»¶ø£¬ÊÂʵÉÏËûÃDZÈÈÕ±¾»òµÂ¹ú¹«Ë¾ÔÚ¹«Ë¾Ô±¹¤µÄÅàѵÉÏͶ×ÊÒªÉÙ¡£

¡¡¡¡49). If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those is lower in Germany than it is the United States.

¡¡¡¡ÕýÈ·´ð°¸£º ¾ÙÀý˵£¬Èç¹ûÃÀ¹úµÄ¹¤È˱ȵ¹ú¹¤ÈË(ËûÃÇÕýÊÇÕâÑù×öµÄ)»¨·Ñ¸ü¶àµÄʱ¼äѧϰÈçºÎ²Ù×÷ÐÂÐÍÁé»îµÄÉú²úÉ豸£¬ÄÇôÄÇЩÉ豸Äܹ»²úÉúЧ¹ûµÄ³É±¾Ôڵ¹ú¾Í»á±ÈÔÚÃÀ¹úµÍ¡£

¡¡¡¡50). More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed.

¡¡¡¡ÕýÈ·´ð°¸£º (ÔÚÃÀ¹ú)É豸װÅäÍê±Ï²¢ÒÔ×î´óµÄÉú²úÄÜÁ¦ÔËÐÐÐèÒª¸ü³¤µÄʱ¼ä£¬´ó·¶Î§µÄÔÙ¶ÈÅàѵµÄÐèÒª»áÔö¼Ó³É±¾²¢ÇÒÐγÉÆ¿¾±£¬Õâ¾ÍÏÞÖÆÁËÐÂÉ豸¿ÉÒÔ´ïµ½µÄËٶȡ£

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¡¡¡¡1. You are going to write a letter to your university newspaper editor. And your letter should include the following points.

¡¡¡¡1) Introduce the activities of volunteers in your university£¬

¡¡¡¡2) State its importance£¬

¡¡¡¡3) Your own practiceª±

¡¡¡¡You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use ¡°Li Ming¡± instead. You do not need to write the address.

¡¡¡¡ÕýÈ·´ð°¸£º

¡¡¡¡Dear Editor,

¡¡¡¡As the growingly important role played by the Volunteers' Association in the university is concerned, I sincerely suggest that your newspaper should cover more on it.

¡¡¡¡The Volunteers¡¯ Association has been organizing various activities, which provide opportunities for the students to know more about the society out of campus. For instance, it organizes some students to teach English in some village schools; it holds meetings and forums for students to talk about serious social problems, such as Aids and poverty. In short, the volunteer activities have become a part of the campus life.

¡¡¡¡However, the significance of the Volunteer activities lies more in enabling the college students to get accustomed to the real social life than just making their lives colorful. It has been commonly agreed that college students should get access to the society instead of studying inside the university only. As a result, the Volunteers' Association and its activities appear as a bridge between campus and the society.

¡¡¡¡As far as I am concerned, volunteer activities are just as important as study in my university life. I have joined the Volunteers' Association of my department and have taken part in various activities organized by it. What I have learnt during my work in these activities is not what I could learn in the textbooks. And I am sure I will benefit from these experiences.

¡¡¡¡Yours,

¡¡¡¡Li Ming

¡¡¡¡52. Directions:

¡¡¡¡Study the following charts carefully and write an article. In your article, you should cover the following points:

¡¡¡¡1) describe the phenomenon;

¡¡¡¡2) analyze the phenomenon and give your comment it.

¡¡¡¡You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

¡¡¡¡As is described in the picture, the boy and the girl who are in love are sitting on green ground or on long benches on campus. It is shown that love among college students has become increasingly common.

¡¡¡¡What has made campus romance so popular? There may be several possible reasons for the increasing popularity of campus love. First, with the development of society, young boys and girls become more independent than before. They believe that they are mature enough to pursue their own love. Second, stress from study and competition among peers make quite a number of students try to seek relief from love. Moreover, peer influence may also be a contributing factor. If a student sees his classmates or friends with girlfriends, he may want to try himself. If he is left alone, he may feel ashamed.

¡¡¡¡As far as I am concerned, there is nothing wrong with campus romance and no one can really ban it. What really counts is that college students should hold a reasonable attitude towards it. They should be aware that their personal relationships should not get in the way Of their study. They should keep their eyes wide open while trying to find a lifelong companion, otherwise the love will not last for long.

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