Passage Three

　　When Thomas Keller, one of America’s foremost chefs, announced that on Sept. I he would abolish the practice of tipping at Per Se. his luxury restaurant in New York City, and replace it with European-style service charge, I knew three groups would be opposed: customers, servers and restaurant owners. These three groups are all committed to tipping——as they quickly made clear on Web sites. To oppose tipping, it seems, is to be ant capitalist, and maybe even a little French..

　　But Mr. Keller is right to move away from tipping—and it’s worth exploring why just about everyone else in the restaurant world is wrong to stick with the practice.

　　Customers believe in tipping because they think it makes economic sense. “Waiters know that they won’t get paid if they don’t do a good job” is how most advocates of the system would put it. To be sure, this is a tempting, apparently rational statement about economic theory, but it appears to have little applicability to the real world of restaurants.

　　Michael Lynn, an associate professor of consumer behavior and marketing at Cornell’s School of Hotel Administration, has conducted dozens of students of tipping and has concluded that consumers assessments of the quality of service correlate weakly to the amount they tip.

　　Rather, customers are likely to tip more in response to servers touching them lightly and leaning forward next to the table to make conversation than to how often their water glass is refilled——in other words, customers tip more when they like the server, not when the service is good. Mr. Lynn’s studies also indicate that male customers increase their tips for female servers while female customers increase their tips for male servers,.

　　What’s more, consumers seem to forget that the tip increases as the bill increases. Thus, the tipping system is an open invitation to what restaurant professionals call “upwelling”: every bottle of imported water, every espresso and every cocktail is extra money in the server’s pocket. Aggressive upwelling for tips is often rewarded while low-key, quality service often goes unrecognized .

　　In addition, the practice of tip pooling, which is the norm in fine-dining restaurants and is becoming more in every kind of restaurant above the level of a greasy spoon, has ruined whatever effect voting with your tip might have had on an individual waiter. In an unreasonable outcome, you are punishing the good waiters in the restaurant by not tipping the bad one. Indeed, there appear to be little connection between tipping and good service.

　　43.It may be inferred that a European-style service______.

　　A. is tipping-free　　 B. charges little tip

　　C. is the author’s initiative 　　D. is offered at Per-se

　　44. Which of the following is NOT true according to the author.

　　A. Tipping is a common practice in the restaurant world.

　　B. Waiters don’t care about tipping

　　C. Customers generally believe in tipping.

　　D. Tipping has little connection with the quality of service.

　　45.According to Michael Lynn’s studies, waiters will likely get more tips if they______

　　A. have performed good service

　　B. frequently refill customers’ water glass

　　C. win customers’ favor

　　D. serve customers of the same sex

　　46.We may infer from the context that “upwelling”(Line 2, Para 6) probably means ________

　　A. selling something up B. selling something fancy

　　C. selling something unnecessary D. selling something more expensive

　　47.What’s the author’s attitude towards tipping?

　　A. cautious B. indifferent C. generous D. reasonable

　　48. This passage is mainly about __________

　　A. reasons to abolish the practice of tipping

　　B. economic sense of tipping

　　C. consumers’ attitudes towards tipping

　　D. tipping for good service

　　Passage Four

　　“I promise.” “I swear to you it’ll never happen again.” “I give you my word.” “Honestly. Believe me.” Sure, I trust. Why not? I teach English composition at a private college. With a certain excitement and intensity. I read my students’ essays, hoping to find the person behind the pen. As each semester progresses, plagiarism(剽窃)appears. Not only is my intelligence insulted as one assumes I won’t detect a polished piece of prose from an otherwise-average writer, but I feel a sadness that a student has resorted to buying a paper from a peer. Writers have styles like fingerprints and after several assignments, I can match a student’s work with his or her name even if it’s missing from the upper left-hand corner.

　　Why is learning less important than a higher grade-point average(GPA)? When we’re threatened or sick, we make conditional promises. “If you let me pass math I will ….” “Lord, if you get me over this before the big homecoming game I’ll….” Once the situation is behind us, so are the promises. Human nature? Perhaps, but we do use that cliché(陈词滥调)to get us out of uncomfortable bargains. Divine interference during distress is asked; gratitude is unpaid. After all, few fulfill the contract, so why should anyone be the exception. Why not ?

　　Six years ago, I took a student before the dean. He had turned in an essay with the vocabulary and sentence structure of PhD thesis. Up until that time, both his out-of-class and in-class work were borderline passing. I questioned the person regarding his essay and he swore it I’d understand this copy would not have the time and attention an out-of-class paper is given, but he had already a finished piece so he understood what was asked. He sat one hour, then turned in part of a page of unskilled writing and faulty logic. I confronted him with both essays. “I promise…., I’m not lying. I swear to you that I wrote the essay. I’m just nervous today.”

　　The head of the English department agreed with my finding, and the meeting with the dean had the boy’s parents present. After an hour of discussion, touching on eight of the boy’s previous essays and his grade-point average, which indicated he was already on academic probation(留校察看), the dean agreed that the student had plagiarized. His parents protested, “He’s only a child” and we instructors are wiser and should be compassionate. College people are not really children and most times would resent being labeled as such…. Except in this uncomfortable circumstance.

　　49. According to the author, students commit plagiarism mainly for_____. A.money B.degree C.higher GPA D.reputation

　　50.How does the author know that his students are cheating?

　　A. He insulted the students

　　B. He compares the handwriting of his students’ signatures

　　C. He knows the students’ writing style

　　D. He discovers the missing names from the upper left-hand cover

　　51.the sentence “ Once the situation is behind us, so are the promises’ implies that_________.

　　A.students usually keep their promises

　　B.some students tend to break their promises

　　C.the promises are always behind the situation

　　D.we cannot judge the situation in advance, as we do to the promises

　　52.The “borderline passing”(Line 3,Para.3)probably means____________. A.fairly good B.extremely poor C.above average D.below average

　　53.The boy’s parents thought their son should be excused mainly because_______________.

　　A.teachers should be compassionate B.he was only a child

　　C.instructors were wiser D.he was threatened

　　54. Which of the following might serve as the title of this passage?

　　A.Human Nature B.Conditional Promises

　　C.How to Detect Cheating D.The Sadness of Plagiarism

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