试卷二 Paper Two

　　(60 minutes)

　　Part Ⅰ Translation (30 minutes, 20 points, 10 for each section)

　　Section A

　　Direction: Translate the following underlined sentences into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.

　　People have wondered for a long time how their personalities, and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.

　　Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. (1)They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as" nature vs. nurture".

　　(2)Those who support the "nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (3)That our environment has little，if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.

　　Those who support the "nurture" theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B.F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that, like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.

　　Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theories. Supporters of the "nature" theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. (4) Needless to say，they don't believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

　　The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some "nature" proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (5)Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.

　　Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.

　　Section B

　　Direction: Translate the following sentences into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.

　　1. 有些人认为学校工作人员不应该干涉学生的个人行为，除非直接关系到学习或教学楼内或校园内的人身安全。

　　2. 大学毕业的人中可能在家中上网冲浪的人数是只受过小学教育的人的16倍。

　　3. 可以说，这期间我国财富有了巨额增加，整个国民经济上了一个新台阶。

　　4. 1994年，随着很快临近20岁生日，她感到自己处于个人和职业的十字路口上。

　　5. 虽说不是每一个在美国生活的人都在为反对污染而斗争，但是完全可以说，几乎人人都意识到了污染对土地、空气、及水的质量所产生的影响。

　　Part Ⅱ Writing (30 minutes, 15 points)

　　Directions: For this part, you are to write a short essay entitled Due Attention Should Be Given to the Study of Chinese. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:

　　1. 近年来在学生中出现了忽视中文学习的现象

　　2. 出现这种现象的原因和后果

　　3. 为了改变这种状况，我认为……

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