2008年新航道考研英语阅读听课笔记[一]

2． 概括段落大意层

3． 深入剖析文章层

4． 摘录背诵佳句层

5． 换位思考命题层

       现在以历年真题为例说明如何实施上述的五层递进学习法。在每篇文章的后面，“文章结构与内容”对应上述学习法的1与2，“核心词汇”、“难句分析”与“参考译文”对应上述学习法的3，“佳句摘录”对应上述学习法的4，而“试题详解”对应上述学习法的5。关于“五层递进学习法”的具体内容，请阅读本人博客中的同名文章。 

Passage 1

The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.

The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources(private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

 1. In Line 7, Para. 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means .

［A］ Americans are never satisfied with their incomes

［B］ Americans tend to overstate their incomes

［C］ Americans want to have their incomes increased

［D］ Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes

2. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that .

［A］ producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production

［B］ consumers can express their demands through producers

［C］ producers decide the prices of products

［D］ supply and demand regulate prices

3. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by .

［A］ private property and rights concerned

［B］ manpower and natural resources control

［C］ ownership of productive resources

［D］ free contracts and prices

4. The passage is mainly about .

［A］ how American goods are produced

［B］ how American consumers buy their goods

［C］ how American economic system works

［D］ how American businessmen make their profits

文章结构与内容

文章结构：花开两朵型。作者在文章开始提出两个核心概念：private-enterprise（私人企业）和market-oriented （以市场为导向的），随后分段论述。这种文章的重点是两个概念的定义，以及它们之间的联系和区别。本文介绍了美国经济体系的主要特点：以市场为导向（其中供求关系决定价格），以私人企业为基础（其中私有财产包含生产资料和某些权利）。 

核心词汇（标记*下的词汇为课文后的问题与选项中的词汇，其他课文同此）

1. private-enterprise 私人企业

2. market-oriented 以市场为导向的（orient 以…为方向（或目的），重视；为…定位（或方向））

3. strive 争取，奋斗

4. under pressure 面临压力，在压力之下

5. motive目的，动机（同根词motivate驱使---mot运动）

6. coupled with 与…相结合（=combined with。couple 结合，连接）

7. maximize 使…最大化（maximum 最大的；n. 最大值）

8. determine 决定，确定；决心

9. factor 因素，要素（同义词element）

10. resources 资源，财力；应付办法，谋略

11. mechanism 机制，机理；方法

12. respond to对…作出反应（文中的be resonded to是被动形式）

13. in response to 作为对…的反应

14. in short supply 供应不足（in ample supply供应充足）

15. relative to 与…相比；有关，按照…比例（relative 相对的，比较的； n. 亲戚）

16. bid up抬高（价格）（bid 报价，投标；命令；n. 出价，投标）

17. eliminate 淘汰，使出局（名词elimination）

18. commodity 商品（commerce商业）

19. result in 导致（=give rise to）

20. regulate 调节，管制（形容词regulatory）

21. property 财产，资产；性质，特性

22. gain control over 取得对…的控制

23. for sale （用于）出售

24. at a profit 赢利的（at a loss亏损的）

25. embrace 包括；接受，信奉；拥抱（= em（进入）+brace（手臂），本义是“拥抱”，引申为“包括”等意思）

26. ownership 所有（权），所有制

*           *             *

27. overstate 把…讲得过分，夸大（名词overstatement。state说明，陈述）

28. purchase 购买

29. be characterized by 特征是，以…为特征（characterize以…为特征，描绘…的特性，用法与之类似的词有mark，如be marked by的意思也是“以…为特征”） 

研究生入学考试历年真题汇总表

更多试题请访问：考试吧考研栏目