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¡¡¡¡3. A meaty question

¡¡¡¡(The Economists Sep 21st, 2006)

¡¡¡¡IF YOU have ever longed for a meat substitute that smelt and tasted like the real thing, but did not involve killing an animal, then your order could be ready soon. Researchers believe it will soon be possible to grow cultured meat in quantities large enough to offer the meat industry an alternative source of supply.

¡¡¡¡Growing muscle cells (the main component of meat) in a nutrient broth is easy. The difficulty is persuading those cells to form something that resembles real meat. Paul Kosnik, the head of engineering at a firm called Tissue Genesis, is hoping to do it by stretching the cells with mechanical anchors. This encourages them to form small bundles surrounded by connective tissue, an arrangement similar to real muscle.

¡¡¡¡Robert Dennis, a biomedical engineer at the University of North Carolina, believes the secret of growing healthy muscle tissue in a laboratory is to understand how it interacts with its surroundings. In nature, tissues exist as elements in a larger system and they depend on other tissues for their survival. Without appropriate stimuli from their neighbours they degenerate. Dr Dennis and his team have been working on these neighbourly interactions for the past three years and report some success in engineering two of the most important¡ªthose between muscles and tendons, and muscles and nerves.

¡¡¡¡At the Touro College School of Health Sciences in New York, Morris Benjaminson and his team are working on removing living tissue from fish, and then growing it in culture. This approach has the advantage that the tissue has a functioning system of blood vessels to deliver nutrients, so it should be possible to grow tissue cultures more than a millimetre thick¡ªthe current limit.

¡¡¡¡Henk Haagsman, a meat scientist at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, is trying to make minced pork from cultured stem cells with the backing of Stegeman, a sausage company. It could be used in sausages, burgers and sauces.

¡¡¡¡But why would anyone want to eat cultured meat, rather than something freshly slaughtered and just off the bone? One answer, to mix metaphors, is that it would allow vegetarians to have their meatloaf and eat it too. But the sausage-meat project suggests another reason: hygiene. As Ingrid Newkirk of PETA, an animal-rights group, puts it, ¡°no one who considers what¡¯s in a meat hot dog could genuinely express any revulsion at eating a clean cloned meat product.¡±

¡¡¡¡Cultured meat could be grown in sterile conditions, avoiding Salmonella, E. coli, Campylobacter and other nasties. It could also be made healthier by adjusting its composition¡ªintroducing heart-friendly omega¡ª3 fatty acids, for example. You could even take a cell from an endangered animal and, without threatening its extinction, make meat from it. Giant-panda steak, anyone?

¡¡¡¡1. The word ¡°resemble¡± (line 2, paragraph 2) most probably means .

¡¡¡¡A look like B differ C excel D substitute

¡¡¡¡2. Robert Dennis thinks the secret of growing healthy muscle tissue in a laboratory is the relationship between .

¡¡¡¡A muscles and tendons B muscles and nerves

¡¡¡¡C muscles and surroundings D muscles and animals

¡¡¡¡3. What is the advantage of removing living tissues and culture them?

¡¡¡¡A It makes the color and taste of cultured meat better.

¡¡¡¡B Meat cultured in this way is similar to real meat.

¡¡¡¡C Meat cultured in this way can be used in more kinds of food.

¡¡¡¡D It is likely to grow tissues more than a millimeter thick.

¡¡¡¡4. Cultured meat is better than something freshly slaughtered because it .

¡¡¡¡A allows vegetarians far away from meat

¡¡¡¡B is cleaner and healthier

¡¡¡¡C tastes much better

¡¡¡¡D can be made from cells of all endangered animals

¡¡¡¡5. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?

¡¡¡¡A Cultured meat will not involve killing animals.

¡¡¡¡B Many efforts have been done to culture meat.

¡¡¡¡C Most vegetarians long for special meatloaf.

¡¡¡¡D It is possible to have panda steak in the future.

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