反译法

　　一个问题有时可以从不同的角度来解释说明。有些句子英语是从正面说的，汉语可以从反面来解释。

　　1)否定译成肯定。

　　Eg:

　　I never passed the theatre but I thought of his last performance.每一次经过那家剧院，我都会想起他的最后一次演出。

　　Eg:

　　Hardly a month goes by without word of another survey revealing new depths of scientific illiteracy among U.S. citizens.美国公民科盲日益严重，这种调查报告几乎月月都有。(双重否定)

　　2)肯定译成否定。

　　Eg:

　　Everyone has the right to be free from hunger.人人有不挨饿的权利。

　　Eg:

　　This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.这种困境将是确定无疑的，[来源：考研加油绽]因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗、投入少数农民就可能获得高产的美国耕种方式继续下去了。

　　Eg:

　　The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。

　　几种特殊否定句式的翻译法

　　“no more…than翻译成汉语“和……一样不”

　　Eg:

　　The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.脏和胃一样不能思维，都受大脑支配。

　　Eg:

　　There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.他们没有理由限定你吃多少维生素，就如同他们不能限定你喝多少水一样。

　　“not so much …as”翻译成“与其说……，不如说……”

　　Eg:

　　It was not so much the many blows he received as the lack of fighting spirit that led to his losing the game.与其说他输了比赛是多次被击中，不如说是自己缺乏斗志。

　　Eg:

　　There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史研究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。

　　Eg:

　　He is the last person I want to see in the world.他是这个世界上我最不愿意见到的人。

　　定语从句翻译法

　　1)合译法:把定语从句放在被修饰的词语之前，从而将英语复合句翻译成汉语单句。

　　Eg:

　　Congress made public a survey of human rights in 105 countries that receive U.S. aid.国会公布了关于接受美国援助的105个国家的人权情况调查报告。

　　2)分译法:根据定语从句的不同情况，我们可以将其翻译成并列分句、其它从句或独立句等。

　　Eg:

　　Anyone who stops absorbing new knowledge is certain to lag behind.任何人如果停止吸取新知识，就肯定会落后。(译为条件状语从句)

　　The strike would prevent the docking of ocean steamships which require assistance of tugboats.罢工会使远洋航船不能靠岸，因为他们需要拖船的帮助。(译成原因状语从句)

　　A geological prospecting engineer who had made a spectral analysis of ores discovered a new open-cut coalmine.一位地质勘探工程师对光谱进行了分析之后,发现了新的露天煤矿。(译为时间状语结构)

　　The delivery of public services has tended to be an area where we decorate an obsolete process with technology.公共服务的提供方式已趋陈旧，这正是我们必须采用技术加以装备的领域。(译为并列分句)

　　We now live in a very new economy, a service economy, where relationships are becoming more important than physical products.现在我们正生活于一种全新的经济，即服务性经济中，各种关系越来越比物质产品更为重要。(译为并列分句)

　　主语从句翻译法

　　1)以that, what, who, where, whatever等代词引导的主语从句，可以将从句翻译成“的”字结构。

　　Eg:　　It is important that science and technology be pushed forward as quickly as possible.重要的是要把科学技术搞上去。

　　Whoever breaks the law will be punished.凡是犯法的人都要受到法律的制裁。(主语从句与主句合译成简单句，按顺序译出)

　　2)也可以译成“主-谓-宾”结构,从句本身做句子的主语，其余部分按原文顺序译出。

　　Eg:

　　Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之)often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.政府究竟是以牺牲对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。

　　3)分译法:把原来的状语从句从整体结构中分离出来,译成另一个相对独立得单句。

　　Eg:

　　It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security.这个局势对国际安全是个威胁，这样的说法是完全正确的。(It是形式主语，that this situation is a threat to international security是真正的宾语)

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