十五、复合句——副词性(状语)从句

　　副词在句中起状语作用，故如果起状语作用的部分为一个句子，那么该句便是副词性从句，也称状语从句。状语从句可细分为：时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、比较、方式等。

　　状语从句的测试重点为：考查考生对主从句之间逻辑意义关系的把握，看其是否能选择正确的从属连词。

　　对于常见的状语从句和从属连词的常规用法，本书不想赘述，只谈谈常见从属连

　　词的特殊用法并提醒考生应注意的地方。

　　1.条件状语从句的常考知识点

　　(1)if与unless的用法。

　　if和unless都是引导条件状语从句的连词，考生应尤其注意unless的用法，因为它表示反面条件，相当于if not“如果不”、“除非”。如：

　　Even if automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on alternative fuels, the cars won’t catch on in a big way unless drivers can fill them up at the gas station.

　　In debating, one must correct the opponent’s facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or deny that what he presents as proof, if relevant, is sufficient.

　　(2)复合连词as long as，so long as，as far as，on condition that，in the event that;动词及分词provided(that)，providing(that)，given that, suppose/supposing(that)，assuming，say等引导条件状语从句。如：

　　If left alone by humans, they (the forests) can regenerate, as long as there are seed trees in the neighborhood and the soil has not lost all its nutrients.

　　You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don’t mind taking the night train.

　　Assuming he is diligent in his studies at ordinary times, he is sure to pass the test.

　　In the event that she has not been informed, I will tell her.(如果……)

　　You can go swimming on condition that you don’t go too far from the river bank.(如果……)

　　Suppose it rained, we would still go.(假如……)

　　Say it were true, what would you do about it? (假如……)

　　(3)祈使句表示条件。如：

　　Talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.

　　Dress warmly, or else you’ll catch cold.

　　Hurry up, or the tickets will have been sold out by the time we get there.

　　2.让步状语从句的常考知识点

　　(1)as 引导让步从句，要求用倒装结构，把强调的部分置于句首。如：

　　Much as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes.

　　Tired as he was, we decided to disturb him.

　　Humble as it may be, there is no place like home.

　　(2)while引导让步从句。如:

　　Everybody cheats a little, some psychologists say, while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldn’t cheat under any circumstances.

　　While it’s true that we all need a career, preferably a profitable one, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.

　　(3)复合连接词for all that和分词granting/granted(that)引导让步从句。如:

　　Granted you have made much progress, you should not be conceited.

　　For all that computers can provide us with great help, they shouldn’t be seen as substitutes for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.

　　3.时间状语从句的常考知识点

　　(1)before表示汉语的 “只有/必须……才能”。如:

　　Electronics must be programmed before they can work.必须为计算机编好程序它才能工作。

　　New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they are fully accepted.有时候新的思想必须等待多年以后才能被人们完全接受。

　　(2)when引导时间从句时，如果出现在后半句，则表示“这/那时突然”。如：

　　He was almost hurt when the bus came to a sudden stop.(1991年6月四级考题)

　　I have just started back for the house to change my clothes when I heard the voices.

　　(3)when it comes to 是习惯用法，意为“当谈到……时”。如：

　　Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests.

　　(4)名词短语、介词短语each /every time, the moment/second/minute, in the time, by the time起连词作用。如:

　　I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.

　　If individuals are awakened each time they begin a dream phase of sleep, they are likely to become irritable even though their total amount of sleep has been sufficient.

　　My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”

　　Mercury’s velocity is so much greater than the Earth’s that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time it takes the Earth to complete one.

　　(5)副词directly, immediately, instantly, now引导时间从句, 相当于as soon as。如:

　　The policemen went into action directly they heard the alarm.

　　4.原因状语从句的常考知识点

　　(1)in that引导原因从句时,有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于”。如:

　　Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.

　　Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.

　　(2)now that表示 “既然” ; seeing that, considering表示“鉴于”、“考虑到”。如:

　　Now that we have all the material ready, we should begin the new task at once.

　　He did poorly in the examinations, considering how hard he had tried for them.

　　Seeing she is lawfully enough to get married, I don’t think how you can stop her.

　　其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有: for the (simple) reason that, by reason that, on the grounds that, in as much as, in so far as等。

　　5.while, whereas 引导对比从句

　　如:

　　While the teenage population in the United States has declined over the past dec

　　ade, violent crimes committed by juveniles have sharply increased.

　　A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult, whereas he is likely to smile and reach out to another infant.

　　6.so…that…, with the result that, so much so that 引导结果状语从句

　　如:

　　Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talked to that it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.

　　Over the years, a large number of overseas students have studied at that university with the result that it has acquired substantial experience in dealing with them.

　　He himself believed in freedom, so much so that he would rather die than live without it.

　　7.in order that, in case, for fear that, lest (用虚拟语气) 引导目的状语从句

　　如:

　　Give me your telephone number, in case I need your help.

　　Helen listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what John wanted.

　　8.where作为连接副词的一种用法, 翻译为“在……地方”

　　如:

　　In Japan, a person’s capabilities are not forced into an inflexible specialty. Where there is willingness and intelligence, there is a place within the company to try and to succeed.

　　Where the Atlantic Ocean crosses the equator, the trade wind causes a flow of water to the west.

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