例8:The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods; since 1790’s, North American entrepreneurs ------ even without technological improvements ------ had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process.
1、impressive给人留下深刻印象的。我们往往都是一个褒义的用法。It is good 直接换成 it is impressive.
2、stemmed primarily from 来源于 the way 某种方式后面是一个定语从句而且后面还有一个分号隔开,两个层次了。
3、出口方面所取得的令人映像深刻的收获(好的收获)主要来自于工人生产产品这样一种方式。
4、分号后面18世纪90年代以来,北美的企业家们——尽管技术上没有发展——但已经还是扩大了输出系统的范围。什么样的系统呢,使得手工生产效率更高的系统。通过什么方式呢,by 方式状语吧,通过把原材料给一系列的工人们这样一种方式,什么样的工人呢,处于生产过程中的单个环节上的工人。
例9:The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century.
1、artist 艺术家 artisan 工匠
2、be attributable to 归因于
3、这个句子,现在我们看来很简单了吧,fact 后面接了一个同位语从句,然后是一个非限制性的定从,工匠被经常认为是艺术家这样一个事实,要归因于Arts and Crafts Movement手工艺品运动。
例10:A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.
1、主语A few art collectors 谓语introduced 引入introduced European art traditions to those colonists introduce sth to sb 引入某人把欧洲艺术的传统介绍给了这些殖民者。
2、privileged判断是谓语动词还是非谓语动词吧。是哪一种?很明显非谓语动词。被赋予了一种特权,什么样的特权呢,去参观他们画廊的特权。
3、中间的插入成分先跳过。好,难点就在这,后面这个and established到底是和谁并列,使和动词introduced 并列还是和分词privileged并列。如果和introduced 并列那么主意就是 collectors 如果是和分词privileged并列,那么逻辑主语就是colonists。
4、怎么判断,根据内容吧,殖民者不可能被established 作后置定语修饰,他不可能成为被建立吧,所以这个地方应该是全句的一个谓语,and 连接的是句子的两个独立的谓语动词,他们的共同的主语是collectors 他们在相关的领域内建立起了一套思想,这套思想是关于艺术的价值以及need for institutions 对制度的需求,这种制度关注的是一种激励。
补充:词组被拆散的现象
It can be inferred /from the passage/ [that a historian (who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century )would probably be most aided /by better information about which of the following?/]
从文章中可以推断出来,[一个希望比较(十五世纪的某个十年的某个欧洲城市中的每千人)的犯罪率与(另一个十年中的城市每千人)的犯罪率的] 历史学家将会在下列哪种信息中获得最大的帮助。
Increasingly ,historians are blaming diseases imported from the Old World for the staggering disparity between the indigenous population of America in 1492—new estimates of which soar as high as 100 million ,or approximately one-sixth of the human race at that time—and the few million full-blooded Native Americans alive at the end of the nineteenth century.
越来越多地,历史学家们正把一种巨大的不同归罪于从欧洲传来的疾病。这种不同是体现在1942年美洲当地
人口的数量和十九世纪幸存的几百万纯种印地安人数量之间的。最近对1942年的美洲人口数的估计上升到了一亿,或是当时总人口数的六分之一。
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