(三)过去完成时(Past Perfect Tense)
1. 表示过去某时刻以前发生和完成的动作,即过去的过去,常用于主从复合句中。
例句: She felt suitably humble just as she had when he had first taken a good look at her city self,hair waved and golden,nails red and pointed. (2001年第4题)
分析: 该句是复合句。when引导的时间状语从句用的是过去完成时,所以主句只能用过去的时态;由于主句用的是一般过去时felt,那么其时间状语应用过去完成时,即 as后的完整形式应是as she had felt。
译文: 她举止谦逊、得体,就像他当初见到她时她所表现的那样: 金黄色的卷发,尖尖的红指甲。
例句: Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had promised in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. (选自2007年Use of English)
分析: 该句是复合句。he liberated是修饰the areas的定语,在从句前省略了作宾语的关系 代词which或that。
译文: 玻利瓦尔接受过海地的援助,作为同报,他承诺在解放的地区废除奴隶制。
2. 用于hardly...when, scarcely...when(before), no sooner...than(刚一……就)句型中。当hardly,scarcely,no sooner置于句首时,句子结构要倒装。
例句: No sooner had we reached the top of the hill than we all sat down to rest.
Hardly had the teacher entered the classroom when the pupils were in absolute silence. (be in absolute silence可译为“鸦雀无声”)
3. 用于虚拟语气条件句中,表示与过去事实相反的假设。
例句: I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week. (1997年第4题)
分析: 该句是并列复合句。had it been at all possible是省略了if的倒装句,完整形式应为 if it had been...;本句but前是一个非真实条件句,表示与过去事实相反的假设。
译文: 如果有一点可能的话,我都会到医院去看望他,但我上个礼拜整个一周都没有空。
4.动词hope,expect,think,intend,want,mean,suppose,plan,believe等用于过去完成 时,表示未实现的希望、意图、计划等。
例句: Mr. Pelkmans is not among those who had believed that the ECs single market is threatened by the doubt building over Europes continued integration.
分析: 该句是复合句。定语从句who had believed...修饰those;that the ECs single market is threatened...作believed的宾语;分词短语building over...作定语修饰the doubt。
译文: 有些人原以为对促进欧洲持续整合怀有的疑虑会威胁到欧共体的统一市场,佩尔克斯曼先生并不这么认为。
注意: 当连词after指明两个过去动作的时间先后顺序时,after从句中可用过去完成时,也可用一般过去时;在连词when引导的从句中,有时过去完成时与一般过去时可以互换使用;当before用作连词引导从句时,主句中过去完成时与一般过去时也可互换使用。
例句: Julia left the room after she had turned off (turned off) the light.
When the teacher had left (left) the room, the pupils started talking.
Before he entered college, he had served (served) in the army.
(四)一般将来时(Simple Future Tense)
一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态,其形式和用法如下所述。
1. will/shall+动词,表示单纯的将来含义。
例句: Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could decline. (2001年第23题)
分析: 该句是复合句。written and spoken作定语修饰language;that后是一结果状语从句。
译文: 有朝一日,软件既能用来做文字翻译又能做口头翻译,而且能翻译得很好,以至于对任何通用的第二语言的需求都会下降。
例句: Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth and will be very expensive. (选自2006年Text 2)
分析: 该句是复合句。which引导的定语从句修饰its own hotel;从句中you may be sure是插入语,从句的主干部分为which will be decorated with...and will be very expensive。
译文: 希尔顿正在那儿建立自己的酒店,你或许可以肯定它将配有(以莎士比亚剧中人物的名字命名的)哈姆雷特汉堡包店、李尔王休息室、班柯宴会包间等,而且价格非常昂贵。
2. be going to+动词,表示按计划或打算在最近的将来做某事,也可表示对未来的预测。
例句: As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people who in general are lighter skinned, there is going to be a constant racial conflict in the world. (1999年第18题)
分析: 该句是复合句。定语从句who in general are colored和who in general are lighter skinned分别修饰poor people以及richer people;从句的主干部分为poor people are in conflict with richer people。
译文: 一般来说,只要穷人与富人(也就是一般的有色人种和白色人种)之间有冲突,那么这个世界上的种族冲突就不会停止。
例句: Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotlycontested market. (选自2005年Part C)
分析: 该句是简单句。
译文: 显然,只有规模最大、应变能力最强的电视传媒集团才能够在这个精彩纷呈而又竞争 激烈的市场中生存。
3. be to+动词,表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作或要求别人去做的事,常用来表示官方的命令、决定、禁止、许可等。
例句:If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between Americas oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract. (选自2011年Text 4)
分析:该句是复合句。其中,在主句中,定语从句it hopes to attract修饰audience。
译文:如果吉尔伯特和纽约爱乐乐团想获得成功,他们首先必须改变美国最古老的交响乐团和其想要吸引的新一批观众间的关系。
例句: But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (2006年第49题)
分析: 该句是复合句,本句主干为his primary task is not to think about...any more than...。定语从句which governs his activity修饰the moral code;其中not...any more than意为“不……也不……”。
译文: 但是,他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动的道德规范,就如同不能指望商人专注于探讨行业规范一样。
4.be about to+动词,表示最近即将发生的动作,不接时间状语。
例句: Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders. (1999年第9题)
分析: 该句是复合句。定语从句who is not about to pay compliments to...修饰a young man。
译文: 马林是个有独立思考能力的年轻人,他不会恭维他的政治领导人。
例句: His brother, who was a school teacher, was broke, his stomach ulcers were troubling him, one of his children had to have a serious operation, and his wife was about to have twins.
分析: 该句是并列复合句,其中定语从句who was a school teacher修饰his brother。主干部分为His brother was...,his stomach ulcers were...,one of his children had to..., and his wife was about to...。
译文: 他的哥哥是一位老师,已身无分文,并患上了胃溃疡,他的一个孩子要接受一次大手术,他的爱人将要生一对双胞胎。
5. 位置移动动词,如: come,arrive,go,fly,catch,start,leave,travel的用法是be+现在分词,表示按计划即将发生的一个动作,常跟较近将来时间状语连用。
例句: The Spring Festival is coming, and all the urban people are busy engaging in all kinds of preparations.
分析: 该句是由and连接的并列句。
译文: 春节就要到了,城里人都在忙着做各种各样的准备。
6. 动词come,go,start,leave,arrive,return,begin常用一般现在时表示将来,表示已经预先计划安排好的或肯定发生的动作,主语常为事物名词。
例句: By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. (1994年第1题)
分析: 该句是复合句。arrive用一般现在时表示将来。
译文: 你到达伦敦时,我们将已经在欧洲待了两周了。
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