第三部分 语法讲解(一)词类
英语中词实词和虚词两类,其中实词有名词,代词,形容词,副词,动词,数词。虚词有介词,冠词,连词,感叹词。
1. 名词n
名词是表示事物名称的词。有普通名词和抽象名词两类。参照课本第19页。
考查重点在名词的可数性上。名词还有可数和不可数之分。
可数名词有单数和复数之分。
可数名词复数变化规则:
词尾字母情况 | 变化方法 | 例词 |
一般情况 | 加-s | bird-birds, desk-desks, hand-hands lake-lakes |
以ch , sh , s, x ,z | 加-es | church-churches, dish-dishes class-classes box-boxes, quiz-quizzes |
辅音字母+y | 变y为i在加es | family-families, baby- babies country-countries |
以o结尾 | 加-es | tomato-tomatoes, potato-potatoes hero-heroes, volcano-volcanoes |
以f或fe结尾 | 变f或者fe为v加es | Thief-thieves, wife-wives, half-halves leaf-leaves, Knife-knives, wolf-wolves, self-selves |
注:a.以元音字母+y结尾的名词,直接加-s, 如:play-plays, boy-boys
b.以o结尾的名词,直接加-s,如:photo-photos, bamboo-bamboos
c.以f 或者fe结尾,直接加-s,如:belief-beliefs, cliff-cliffs
2.冠词article
冠词有不定冠词(a, an) 和定冠词(the) 不定冠词用来修饰可数名词单数,表示一个,一件….,the 可以与可数名词连用,也可以与不可数名词连用,表特指。
A用在辅音(音素 )开头的可数名词单数前边, an 用于元音(音素非字母)开头的可数名词单数前面。例如:
A cake, a chance, a desk, a useful book, a university student, an hour, an honest man
3. 代词pron
代词有人称代词,物主代词,反身代词,相互代词,指示代词,不定代词,疑问代词,关系代词等。
1.人称代词:
人称代词分为第一、第二和第三人称,每个人称有各自的主格和宾格形式
第一人称: I (主格)-me(宾格), we(主格)-us(宾格)
第二人称: you(主格、宾格)
第三人称: he(主格)-him(宾格)
she (主格)- her (宾格)
it (主格)- it (宾格)
they (主格)- them(宾格)
注:a).当I和其他名词或代词一起作并列主语时,I总放在最后。但是翻译的时候,汉语的习惯是我在前。
如:Tom, John and I went to a party last night. 我和汤姆 ,约翰昨晚参加了一个派对。
You and I 我和你
You, he and I 你我他
注:表示要承担责任时,应把I 提前,例如:I and Tony are to blame.
2. 物主代词:
物主代词分为形容词性的物主代词和名词性的物主代词。
第一人称 | 第二人称 | 第三人称 | ||||||
形容词性 | my | our | your | your | his | her | its | their |
名词性 | mine | ours | yours | yours | his | hers | its | theirs |
形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,必须和名词连用,不能单独使用;名词性的物主代词相当于名词,不能再与名词连用。名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。如:
This is your book.. Mine is on the desk. 这是你的书,我的在桌子上。(mine=my book)
3.反身代词:
第一人称 | 第二人称 | 第三人称 | |||
单数 | myself | Yourself | Himself | Herself | Itself |
复数 | ourselves | yourselves | themselves |
4.相互代词:each other, one another
5. 指示代词是用来指示人或事物的代词,如:this, these, that, those.
如:We have no water .That's our trouble.我们没有水了。这是我们的困难。
注:指示代词this, that可在句中作状语,表示程度,相当于so .
如:He said he couldn't walk that far.
6.疑问代词who's the girl in red?
7.关系代词He's a professor who has lived here for 10 years.
8 .不定代词:
1).复合不定代词由every, some, any, no与-one,-body,-thing构成的代词。
指人 指人 指物
everyone everybody everything
someone somebody something
anyone anybody anything
no one nobody nothing
所有的不定代词都当作单数对待。
如:No one wants to go there.
Is everyone here?
复合不定代词的定语后置,即形容词作复合不定代词的定语时要后置。
如:I have something important to tell you .
复合不定代词只具有名词性质,不能作定语。
如:Nobody is late for the meeting .(复合不定代词nobody作主语)
I know nothing about the accident.(复合代词nothing 作宾语)
That's nothing.没什么。(复合代词nothing作表语)
2) 英语中的不定代词如:all, both, either, neither, little, a little, some, any , many, other , another等,多数都可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但no和every只具有形容词性质只能作定语,none只具有名词性质,不能作定语。
如:Time waits for no man.时不我待。(no 作定语)
Every room is bright.每个房间都很明亮。(every作定语)
None of them has been to Paris.他们中没有一个去过巴黎。(none作主语,强调单一性,谓语用单数)
None of them were aware of the danger.他们都没有意识到有危险。(none强调整体性,谓语用复数)
3) .it 的用法
1) 用作人称代词,代替前文提到的事务
The frog is not a warm-blooded animal .It's a cold-blooded one.
2) 用以代替指示代词
What's this? It's a flag.
3) 起指示代词的作用,指一个人或事物
Who's knocking at the door? It's me.
4) 指环境情况等
It's noisy in the classroom.
5) 指时间,天气,季节,距离等
It's a long way to the factory.
6) 做形式主语,形式宾语,如:
It's not a good habit to stay up late.
I found it difficult that I finished the task by myself.
7) 用于强调结构
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