6. It is thought that millions of years ago this liquid mass pushed upward through cracks in the earth's crust.
It is thought that…是一个很常用的句型,类似的句型在英语中很多,比如:
1) It is / was, has been…, reported that…
2) It is / was, has been…, stated that…
3) It is / was, has been…, pointed out that…
4) It is / was, has been…, mentioned that…
5) It is / was, has been…, believed that…
7. A. There are only four areas where very many diamonds have been formed.
B. The first known area was in India, where diamonds were found thousands of years ago.
定语从句可分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。A句是限定性定语从句,B句是非限定性定语从句。A、B两句中都是用关系副词where来引导定语从句,修饰表示地点的名词。请看下面的句子,注意限定性定语从句一般不用逗号隔开:
1) Is there a shop around where we can get some fruit? (附近有什么商店可以买到水果吗?)
2) This is the place where we met yesterday. (这是我们昨天碰头的地方。)
3) The small town, where he once worked, has turned to be a modern city. (他曾经工作过的那座小城,已经变成现代化的城市了。)
8. In the 1600's…(十七世纪)
In the 1720's…(十八世纪二十年代)
In the 1800's…(十九世纪)
请注意年代的表达方法,以上的年代也可以表达为in the 1600s; in the 1720s; in the 1800s.如果我们要表达“在十七世纪初(中、末)期”,则可以说in the early(mid, late) 1600's/1600s.
9. Diamonds became very popular with the kings and queens of Europe.
become / be popular with / among是一个常用词组,意思是“受…欢迎”,
10. India's supply of diamonds was finally running out after 2,500 yeas of mining the stones.
Supply在句子中做名词用,意思是“供应”。Supply常常可以做动词用,意思是“供给,提供”。
run out是一个常用词组,意思是“用完,用尽”。请看例句:
1) Time is running out. We have to hurry. (时间快到了,我们得快点。)
2) My patience is running out. (我快要耐不住了。)
3) His luck seemed to have run out. (他的好运似乎结束了。)
我们也可以用run out来表达类似的意思,但run out of的主语应该是“某人”。如:
1) They have run out of money, so they have to find a job. (他们钱用完了,所以得找一份工作。)
2) I have run out of ink. (我的墨水用完了。)
11. People would pick up handfuls of gravel from the bottom of the streams and sort out the diamonds.
-ful通常加在名词后面,构成形容词,如care-careful,help-helpful.而本句中的handful是一个名词,意思是“一把”,在单词部分,我们已经提到过,英语中有不少这样的词,如:
1) He gave me a basketful of beaches. (他给了我满满一篮子桃子。)
2) She put a spoonful of salt in the soup. (她往汤里撒了满满一勺盐。)
3) Tom is carrying an armful of books. (汤姆抱着一捆书。)
sort out是一个常用词组,意思是“整理,分类”
bottom在句子中做名词用,意思是“底部”。bottom还有“尽头、末端”的意思
12. These diamonds were probably carried from where they were formed to India by great sheets of moving ice that covered parts of the earth 20,000 years ago.
where they were formed是where引出的名词性从句,作介词from的宾语。请看下面的句子:
He didn't say anything about where the accident took place. (他对事故在哪儿发生的只字未提。)
13. It flows over boards thickly coated with grease.
在本句中的定语从句thickly coated with greases前面省略了which/that are.coat一般做名词用,意思是“外套”或“(动物的)皮毛”。在本句中coat作动词用,意思是“在…上涂(包)着”,
14. Since diamonds stick to grease, they are left behind by the rocks and mud which flow down the tables.
Stick在本句中的意思是“粘住”。Stick to也可以表示“坚持,遵守”的意思。
leave behind在本句中的意思是“留下”,这个词组还可以表示“忘带;把…丢在后面”。例如:
1) Take care not to leave anything behind. (小心别丢下任何东西。)
2) Look forward to the bright future and leave all your worries and fears behind. (期盼光明的未来,把所有的担心和恐惧抛在身后。)
15. Experienced diamond miners can tell a diamond immediately.
句子中的tell意思为“判断;分辨;看出”。如:
I cannot tell her from her twin sister. (我无法分辨出她和她的孪生妹妹。)
Text B The Difference between Plants and Animals
短语表达
1. difference between…and
Will you please tell me the difference between a horse and a seahorse?
2.neither …nor
I have neither seen him nor heard from him since we last met.
3. look up
The little boy didn't dare to look up at his teacher.
4. a matter of
Don't panic. This is a matter of record and there is nothing to worry about.
5. throughout
He said that a person should be honest and upright throughout his life.
6. be satisfied with
The teacher was satisfied with the students' performance.
7. take place
The accident took place when people were all fast asleep.
8. lie in
The importance of this book lies in its later influence.
9. be classed as
He was classed as a genius.
10. hold good
This rule may hold good for you but not for me.
11. live on
Cows live on grass.
The old man lives on the government pension.
12. work wonders
I don't think this medicine will work wonders.
13. take in
Their club took in some new members last week.
14. suck up
The plants suck up a lot of water.
15. take up
He took up the newspaper and began to read.
She took up English when she was only five.
All the window seats had been taken up when I got on the bus.
本课需要重点掌握的语法:动词的时态
英语中时态从时间上划分,可以分为:现在时、过去时、将来时和过去将来时,每一类从行为上又可分为四种形式:一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式。这样,英语中的动词共有十六种时态。下面以work为例列出各个时态的形式:
一、表示一般动作的动词时态:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时
1.一般现在时:一般现在时表示客观的、普遍性的真理以及经常性的、习惯性的事件。其形式为do或does。
如:The earth moves around the world.地球绕着太阳转。(客观性的真理)
Light travels faster than sound.光速比声速快。(科学事实)
I often go to the gym..我经常去健身房。(经常性的事件)
I go to see my grandma every week.我每周都去看我奶奶。(经常性的动作)
当一般现在时表示经常性的动作的时候,常和一些表示频率的时间副词连用,如:always, frequently, usually, sometimes, often等.
如:He is always late.他总是迟到。
注:a)一般现在时还可以用来表示正在发生的动作。用在以here或there 开头的句中,表示目前短暂的动作。
如:Here comes your wife.=Your wife is coming.你妻子走过来了。
There goes the bus.= The bus is going.那辆车开走了。
b)一般现在时用在条件状语从句中和时间状语从句中,表示将来的动作。 主要用在条件状语从句中(if, unless)和时间状语从句(when, as soon as, before, after等)中,表示将来的动作。
如:I will be glad if you come over to visit me.如果你来看我,我会很高兴的。
Please let me know when he comes back.他回来时,请告诉我一声。
Do not leave until he comes back..等他回来你再走。
上述从句中的come动作都是在将来发生的,但是要用一般现在时表示将来。
2.一般过去时:did something
1)一般过去时表示在过去时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常和过去特定的时间状语,如:yesterday, last night, three moths ago等连用。
如: I bought the computer three days ago.我三天前卖了这台电脑。
I was tired last night, so I went to bed early.我昨晚很累,所以很早就睡了。
2)一般过去时表示过去某一段时间一直持续或反复发生的动作。
如:When he was in Beijing, he came to see me every week.他当初在北京时,每周都来看我。
We often practiced swimming last year.去年我们经常练习游泳。
注:a)一般过去式可以用来表示现在的情况,体现委婉客气的语气。
如:Did you want anything to drink?你想喝点什么吗?
Could I have a look? 我能看一下吗?
b)一般过去时用于虚拟语气中,表示现在或将来的动作或状态。
如: It is high time we went.是我们该走的时候了。
I wish I were a bird.我要是只鸟多好。
3.一般将来时表示在未来的某个时间将要发生的动作或状态。其形式will do或be going to do。
如:We will have a picnic tomorrow.
We are going to have a picnic tomorrow. 我们明天要去郊游。
1)will 和be going to 的区别
a)一般将来时表示预测时,我们可以用will或be going to。但是有以下的区别:
be going to 表示根据明显迹象来推断某件事将要发生。will表明说话人认为或相信某件事要发生。
如:Look at those black clouds! It is going to rain.看天上那些乌云。快要下雨了。(根据乌云,推断的下雨)。
The bridge will collapse.这座桥会坍塌的。(说话人作为造桥专家知道这座桥设计有问题,做出的预测)
b) 一般将来时表示计划时,用be going to;表示意愿,要用will
be going to 表示说话人对未来行动的计划和打算,通常指经过事先考虑并含有已经为这一行动作了某些准备。
will表示意愿,表示说话人在说话的时刻立即做出的决定表明即将去做某事,并没有事先考虑。
如:I have bought a computer and I am going to learn the computer science.我已经买了一台电脑,我计划学习计算机科学。(已经作了准备――买了电脑)
A:The box is too heavy.
B:I will help you to carry it.这个箱子很重,我来帮你拿。(立即做出的决定,没有事先考虑)
如果没有明显的计划或意愿的证据,则用will和be going to都可以,但是意义上有所不同。
如:Husband: There is no milk left in the fridge.
Wife: I will buy some after work.(说话此刻做出的决定)
Wife: I am going to buy some after work. (妻子在丈夫发现之前就知道没有牛奶了,已经决定要去买一些)
2)表示一般将来时的其他结构:
a)be to +动词原形。这个结构表示约定、命令或按计划要做的事情。
如:When are they to come? 他们什么时候回来。
We are to meet at the school gate.我们约好在校门口见。
You are to finish the work by noon.你必须在中午以前完成工作。
b)be about to+动词原形。这个结构表示“即将做”或“马上做”的意思。
如:He is about to leave.他马上要动身。
The vacation is about to start.假期即将开始。
二、表示进行动作的动词时态:现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时
1.现在进行时:表示正在进行的动作或者现阶段正在持续的动作。其形式为am/is/are doing.常与进行时连用的时间状语有:now, at this moment, at present等。
如:What are you reading now? 你在看什么?
I am reading today's Evening News. 我在看今天的晚报。(表示正在进行)
These days I am translating a book. 这几天我在翻译一本书。(表示持续性的动作)
注:a)现在进行时表示计划安排好要做的事情。这一用法只适用于某些动词,如:go, come, leave, start, arrive, return 等。
如:Are you going abroad next year? 明年你要出国吗?
I am leaving by train tonight.我今晚坐火车走。
b)现在进行时与always, forever, constantly等连用,往往表示抱怨、厌烦、不合理或使人不愉快的事情。
如:Jack is always borrowing money and forgetting to pay you back.杰克常常借钱忘还。
My father is forever criticizing me.我父亲总是批评我。
c) 在不少情况下,表示正在进行的动作的汉语句子中没有“正在”的字样,但在译为英语的时候必须用进行时态。如:
How is everything going.事情进展的怎么样了?
How are you getting on with your classmates.你和同学相处的如何?
d) 不能用进行时的动词有:
表示感觉或感情的词:hear, see, smell, taste, feel
表示存在或所属的词:exist, stay, remain, have
表示认识或理解的词:understand, remember, forget, believe
2.过去进行时:过去进行时表示过去某时正在发生的动作或者过去某段时间持续的动作。其形式:was(were) doing.过去进行时的时间状语往往是表示过去某一点时间的短语或句子。
at nine yesterday, at that time, when I arrived等。
如:We were having dinner when they came.他们来的时候,我们正在吃饭。(表示过去某时正在发生的动作)
I was staying at home all last week.上周我一直都呆在家里。(过去某段时间持续的动作)
注:a)过去进行时表示一种委婉的语气和礼貌的态度。
如:I was wondering if you could help me.不知您能否帮帮我。
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