6. 独立结构

　　当分词的动作不是句子的主语发出的， 而是属于主语以外的人或事物，这时必须在分词前给其加一个逻辑主语，这种带主语的分词结构通常称为独立主格结构。这种结构属于作状语，用来表示条件、原因、伴随情况等。

　　如：Weather permitting, we'll have an outing tomorrow.要是天气许可的话，我们明天去郊游。(条件)

　　The night being dark, she was afraid to go there.天黑，她不敢去那。(原因)

　　The bell ringing, the children all stopped talking.铃声一响，孩子们都不说话了。(时间)

　　The teacher came in, his hand carrying a book.老师手中拿着书进来了。(伴随情况)

　　注：a)还有一种表示伴随情况的独立结构， with+名词或代词宾格+分词(或形容词、介词短语)

　　如：With everything taken into consideration, we all think this is a very good plan.每件事情都考虑到了，我们认为这是一项不错的计划。

　　She entered the train station, with a bag in her hand.她进了车站，手中提了一个包。

　　He sleeps with the window open even in winter.他即使在冬天也开着窗户睡觉。

　　b) 独立结构中的being, having been有时可以省去。

　　如：The meeting (being) over, we all left the room.会议结束之后，我们都离开了房间。

　　Our work ( having been)finished, we went home.我们的工作完成之后，我们都回家了。

　　7.分词的否定结构

　　现在分词的否定式由“not+现在分词”构成

　　如：Not knowing where to go, she wanted to the police for help.她不知道该往哪走，就去请警察帮助。

　　过去分词表否定，常借助un-等前缀表示。

　　如：The boy was left uncared for.那孩子无人照管。

　　8.现在分词的时态

　　现在分词的一般式 doing：现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词表示的动词之前或之后发生。

　　如：She sat there reading the text.她坐在那里读课文。(同时发生)

　　Going into the room, he shut the door.走进房子，他就关上了门。(分词动作先于谓语发生)

　　现在分词的完成式 having done：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，通常只作状语，表示时间或原因。

　　如：Having finished her homework, the little girl began to watch TV.做完作业后，这小女孩开始看电视。

　　第二部分 巩固练习

　　1.When I caught him _______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.

　　a. cheating b. cheat c. to cheat d. to be cheat

　　选a. 现在分词作宾补表示动作正在发生

　　2.__________, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.

　　a. Other things being equal b. Were other things equal c. To be equal to other things d. Other things to be equal

　　选a. 独立主格结构

　　3. All things _________ the planned trip will have to be called off.

　　a. considered b. be considered c. considering d. having considered

　　选a. 独立主格结构

　　4. All flights __________ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.

　　a. had been cancelled b. have been cancelled c. were cancelled d. having been cancelled

　　选d. 独立主格结构

　　5.I have heard both teachers and students _____ well of him.

　　a. speak b. to speak c. spoken d. to have spoken

　　选a. 省略to的不定式作宾补，表示的是动作发生了。

　　6.This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, __________ both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil.

　　a. been b. to be c being d. having been

　　选c.现在分词作状语

　　7.The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience_______ on benches, chairs or boxes.

　　a. having seated b. seating c. having been seated d. seated

　　选d. seat只能用过去分词的形式表示使就坐。

　　8.You will see this product ______ wherever you go.

　　a. to be advertised b. advertised c. advertise d. advertising

　　选b.过去分词作宾补

　　9.He wasn't appointed chairman of the committee, ________ not very popular with all its members.

　　a. to be considered b. considering c. being considered d. having considered

　　选c.分词短语作状语

　　10.Professor Wang, __________ for his informative lectures, was warmly received by his students.

　　a. knowing b. known c. to be known d having known

　　选b. 过去分词作定语

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