7in addition (to)

　　In addition， there are some magazines on the table.

　　In addition to bread， we had some milk and eggs for breakfast.

　　8make decision

　　9help with

　　At weekends I often help my mother with the housework.

　　10in contrast

　　11give up

　　12get ready for

　　13be busy doing

　　14in conclusion

　　15instead of

　　本课主要语法：被动语态

　　英语动词有主动语态和被动语态两种，当主语是动作的发出者，动词用主动语态;当主语时动作的承受者，动词要用被动语态。只有及物动词才有被动语态。

　　1. 被动语态的构成：

　　被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成。

　　如：I clean the window.(主动)

　　The window is cleaned by me.(被动)

　　根据时态的不同，被动语态中的be动词可以有各种变化：

　　时态 主动句 被动句 be 的变化

　　一般现在时 He cleans the window. The window is cleaned by him. is

　　一般过去时 He cleaned the window. The window was cleaned by him. was

　　一般将来时 He will clean the window. The window will be cleaned by him. will be

　　现在进行时 He is cleaning the window. The window is being cleaned by him. is being

　　过去进行时 He was cleaning the window. The window was being cleaned by him. was being

　　现在完成时 He has cleaned the window. The window has been cleaned by him. has been

　　过去完成时 He had cleaned the window. The window had been cleaned by him. had been

　　将来完成时 He will have cleaned the window. The window will have been cleaned by him. will have been

　　进行时较少用被动语态。

　　2.一些特殊形式被动语态的构成：

　　1)不定式结构的被动语态，有以下几种情况：

　　a).表示喜欢、希望、想要及与其相似意义的动词+宾语+不定式，由不定式的被动式构成被动语态。如：He wants someone to take photographs. 他想找个人来照些相。(主动)

　　He wants photographs to be taken. 他想找个人来照些相。(被动)

　　b) 表示命令、请求、劝告、邀请的动词+间接宾语+不定式，可以用主要动词的被动式构成被动语态。如：He invited me to go.他邀请我去。(主动)

　　I was invited to go.我被邀请去。(被动)

　　但是，如果是advise/beg/order/recommend/urge+间接宾语+不定式+宾语的结构，则可以用两种被动语态。一种是如上述将主要动词变成被动语态。或者用“advise等动词+that…should+被动式” 构成被动语态

　　如：He urged the Council to reduce the rates.他敦请市议会减轻捐税。(主动)

　　The Council was urged to reduce the rates.市议会被敦请减轻捐税。(被动)

　　He urged that the rates should be reduced.他敦请市议会减轻捐税。(被动)

　　在句子中，动词后面直接是不定式作宾语，没有间接宾语，所以被动语态只有一种形式，即用that …should结构表示被动语态。

　　He decided to sell the house.他决定把房子卖了。(主动)

　　He decided that the house should be sold.他决定，房子必须得卖掉。(被动)

　　2)动名词结构的被动语态：

　　如是advise/insist/propose/recommend/suggest+动名词+宾语结构，通常用that…should结构表示被动语态。

　　如：He recommended using bullet-proof glass.他建议用防弹玻璃。(主动)

　　He recommended that bullet-proof glass should be used.他建议应该使用防弹玻璃。(被动)

　　其它动名词结构的被动语态由动名词的被动式来表示：

　　如： I remember them taking me to the Zoo.我记得他们曾经带我去过动物园。(主动)

　　I remember being taken to the Zoo.我记的被带到动物园去过。(被动)

　　3)含有情态动词的被动语态：

　　含有情态动词的被动语态的结构：情态动词+be+过去分词。

　　如：You must shut these doors.你必须把这些门关上。(主动)

　　These doors must be shut.这些门必须关上。(被动)

　　You should have told him.你本应该告诉他。(主动)

　　He should have been told.本应该告诉他才是。(被动)

　　4)带有直接宾语和间接宾语的句子，变为被动语态的时候，只把一个宾语变为主语，另外一个宾语保留在动词后面，这种句子可以有两个被动句。

　　如：His teacher gave him a book.他的老师给了他一本书。(主动)

　　A book was given to him by his teacher.(被动)

　　He was given a book by his teacher. (被动)

　　Someone gave her a dog.有人送给她一只狗。(主动)

　　A dog was given to her. (被动)

　　She was given a dog. (被动)

　　两种被动语态中，第二种形式比第一种形式更为常用，即应该把间接宾语变为被动语态的主语。

　　5)含有复合宾语的主动句变为被动句时，将宾语变为主语，宾补仍保留在动词之后，成为主补。

　　如：We call him Xiao Wang.我们叫他小王。(主动)

　　He was called Xiao Wang.他被叫小王。(被动)

　　We asked the teacher to explain the sentence again.我们要求老师把这个句子再解释一次。(主动)

　　The teacher was asked to explain the sentence again.老师被要求把这个句子再解释一次。(被动)

　　注：make, hear, watch, see, feel, let, have等动词在主动语态中，其后作宾补的不定式一般不带to，但当用于被动句时，后面作宾补的不定式必须带有to。

　　如：She saw a man go into the room.她看见一个男人走进屋里。(主动)

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