语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态;主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。
(1)被动语态
1) 被动语态最基本的句型结构是: be +及物动词过去分词
2) 被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词
因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者,某些短语动词如look after, think of, take care of, work out, laugh at等,也可用于被动语态。
The children were taken good care of by her.
【注意】
短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏。
3) 主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况
若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加to。此类动词为感官动词,如:feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch等。例如:
The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
4) 主动形式表示被动意义
如wash, clean, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等动词虽然用做主动形式却表示被动的意义。例如:
The food tastes good.
3.非谓语动词
对非谓语动词的考点是:感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语和动词ing形式作宾语补足语的用法;一些特殊动词的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带to,但变为被动语态时就要带to;有些动词既可接不定式也可接动词ing形式作宾语,但表达的意思不同。这些都是历年中考的重点。
(1)非谓语动词的形式
非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词,形容词或副词作用的动词形式,而不是作谓语的动词形式。 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。
(2)不定式作宾语补足语
Father will not allow us to play on the street.
(3)不定式作目的状语
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.
(4)用不定式和分词作补足语都可以的动词
这样的动词有感官动词如:see, hear, look, notice, observe, feel等,使役动词如:have, make, leave, keep, get等。接不定式表示动作的完整性,真实性;+doing 表示动作的连续性,进行性。
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调我看见了这个事实)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调我见他正干活这个动作)
我见他正在花园里干活。
(5)用不带to不定式的情况
使役动词如: let, have, make等和感官动词如: see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补,省略to。在被动语态中则to不能省掉。
(6)接动名词与不定式意义不同
1) stop to do 停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
2) forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做)
forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)
3) remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做)
remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做)
4) try to do 努力,企图做某事。
try doing 试验,试着做某事。
5) go on to do 做了一件事后,接着做另一件事。
go on doing 继续做原来做的事。
6) mean to do 打算、想
mean doing 意味着
4. 容易混淆的常用动词的辨析
(1) say, speak, talk, tell的用法。
1) say表示讲话,作为及物动词使用,后跟宾语或宾语从句。
He said he would go there.
It‘s time to leave. We have to say goodbye to you.
2)speak表示“讲话”,一般作为不及物动词使用,而有时作为及物动词后面跟上各种语言作为宾语。
Do you speak English?
May I speak to Mr Pope, please?
3) talk表示“谈话”,是不及物动词,与to , about, with等连用,才可以接宾语。
What are you talking about?
Mr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now.
4) tell 表示“告诉,讲述”是及物动词,可以带双宾语或复合宾语。
She told us an interesting story yesterday.
My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month.
(2) look, see, watch和watch的用法。
1) look强调“看”这个动作,是不及物动词,常与at连用,然后接宾语。
Look! The girl is swimming in the lake.
Look at the picture carefully. Can you find something unusual?
2) see 指“看见”某物,强调的是结果。
They can‘t see the words on the blackboard.
Does Lily often go to see a film on Sunday?
3) watch 指的是“观看”,“注视”之意。
The twins are watching TV now.
He will go to watch a volleyball match.
4) read指“看书”、“看报”、“阅读”之意。
Don‘t read in the sun.
I like to read newspapers when I am free.
(3) borrow, lend和keep的区别。
1) borrow意思为“借入”,常常与from连用,是非延续性动词,表示瞬间即能完成的动作。
Meimei borrowed a book from the library just now.
May I borrow your dictionary?
2) lend 是“借出”之意,常常与to连用,同borrow一样,是非延续性动词,只表示瞬间即能完成的动作。
Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr Li.
Could you lend us your radio, please?
3) keep是“保存”的意思,动作可以延续。
How long can the recorder be kept?
The farmer kept the pat for two weeks.
(4) bring, take, carry 和get的用法。
1) bring意思为“拿来”、“带来”。指将某物或某人从别处“带来”。
Bring me the book, please.
May I bring Jim to see you next Saturday?
2) take意思是“拿走”,“带走”,把某物或某人从这里“带来”或“拿到”某处之意。
It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.
Mother took the little girl to the next room.