2014中考英语备考资料：语法要点之部分名词用法

　　上接：2014中考英语备考资料：计量表达法

　　The old woman is alone in the house. 那位老妇一个人在屋里。

　　可当副词，修饰动词：She lives alone. 她独居。

　　Can you move the stone alone? 你能独自搬动那块儿石头吗?

　　Dick is walking on the beach alone. 狄克独自在海滩漫步。

　　(注意：不可说very alone. 但可说very much alone.)

　　2lonely, “孤独的;寂寞的”带有伤感色彩。只当形容词。

　　可在系动词后作表语：The old man is lonely.这位老人是孤独的。

　　He has many relatives, but he feels lonely. 他有很多亲戚，但感到孤独。

　　(lonely 和心理感受有关，而alone和心理感受无关。)

　　也可在名词前作定语：a lonely person一位孤独的人

　　a lonely village一个偏僻的村庄 (而alone不可作定语)

　　56.belong to与be: This suit belongs to me / Lucy / my brother. (直接加人)

　　This suit is mine / Lucy’s / my son’s / hers. (某物是某人的，所以用名词性物主代词。)

　　57.by常见用法：1“通过”I study English by memorizing grammar.

　　You can know it by looking it up in a dictionary. He travels by bike.

　　2“截止到”Will you finish the task by tomorrow?

　　The train had left by the time he got there.

　　3“被”This novel was written by Lu Xun.

　　4“经过”He passed by me without noticing me.

　　5“在……旁边”Sit by me. They are playing by the river.

　　58.部分用in的短语： in a good way(用一个好方法), in the open air(在露天场所)

　　2that与上文所说是同一类，但不是同一个，常指不可数名词。

　　The food in China is quite different from that in America.

　　The weather of Hainan is better than that of Gansu.

　　that也可指上文所说的事：

　　A: I had an accident and broke my legs. B: I’m sorry to hear that.

　　3 this 更多指下文所说的事：The reason is this : ………..

　　4one 指代上文所说的某类可数名词单数，指同一类物但不是同一个。

　　This sweater is too expensive, do you have another one?(也指毛衣，但不是上文那个)

　　77.at / by the end of, in the end 的区别：

　　1at the end of +时间点或地点，“在…的尽头，在…的末尾”

　　They will have a sports meeting at the end of March. (时间)

　　He put some books at the end of the bed. (地点)

　　2by the end of +时间点，“截止到…末”

　　若接过去的时间点，常用过去完成时： We had built ten buildings by the end of 2002. They had planted six thousand trees by the end of last month.

　　若接将来的时间，常用一般将来时：We shall finish the work by the end of next month.

　　3in the end “最后”，后不加of 短语：

　　They wanted to find a place to rest in, in the end, they saw a village.

　　78.have gone to/have been to/have been in: 1have gone to+地点“已去了…(还未回来)” -I can’t find those children, where are they?

　　-They have gone to the farm. (去了农场，不在这儿)

　　2have been to+地点“去过…(原来去过，现在已回) ”句尾常接次数或多个地点

　　或before，或句中常有ever, never等。

　　She has been to Qingdao three times. I have been to two big cities.

　　Have you been to Dalian before? I have never / ever been to Dalian.

　　I have never been there before. Where have you been? 你去哪儿了?(此行省略了to)

　　3have been in + 地点，“已在…(多久了) ”句尾常接for + 时间段，或since + 时间点 / 一般过去时的句子。

　　Peter has been in China for a long time.

　　I’ve been here for 2 hours / since 2 hours ago. (此短语省略了in)

　　79.all / whole用法：all (of) the land / all (of) the class / all (of) the students…【all 在定冠词the 前】 the whole school / the whole country / the whole day… 【whole 在定冠词the 后】

　　—22—

　　80.a bit / a little区别：都可作副词，后直接加形容词或副词。

　　I’m a bit / a little hungry. She feels a bit / a little tired.

　　也都可作代词(或形容词)，后接不可数名词，但有所不同：

　　I have only a little drink. She ate a little bread and went out. (a little 直接加名词)

　　而下文：I have only a bit of drink. She ate a bit of bread. (a bit先加of，再跟名词)

　　81.“擅长”与“不擅长”： “对…有利”与“对…有害”：

　　“擅长”：be good at / do well in He is good at math. = He does well in math.

　　“不擅长”：be bad in / be poor in / be weak in / do badly in

　　“对…有利”：be good for “对…有害”：be bad for

　　82. 表数量的词与短语的部分用法：1none / all / some / most / more / plenty of / a lot of (lots of) / 后既可接可数名词复数，也可接不可数名词。 2many / (a) few / a number of / several只接可数名词复数。 3much / (a) little / a bit of只接不可数名词。

　　83.易用错的副词：1really可修饰动词、副词和形容词，常在它们前面。

　　I really love reading. I really miss you. (修饰动词)

　　Tom speaks really quickly. 汤姆说得非常快。(修饰副词)

　　It’s really kind of you. 你真好。 (修饰形容词)

　　2very much常修饰动词want, miss, hate, love, like, dislike, enjoy, take after(长得像…), move(使…感动), excite(使…激动)等等。常在句尾。

　　Jack wants to go there very much. 杰克很想去那儿。

　　I hate reciting the words very much. 我很讨厌背单词。

　　He enjoyed the film very much. 他很喜欢这部电影。

　　He takes after his mother very much. 他长得很像他妈妈。

　　(very much 不可修饰形容词和副词：I’m happy very much.是错误的。)

　　3very修饰形容词和副词，放在它们前面：

　　She is very kind. I am very happy. Peter speaks very slowly.

　　(very不可修饰动词：I very like English. He very misses you.等类似结构都是错误的。)

　　84.常用于现在完成时的词或短语：for(后加时间段，句中谓语用延续性动词);

　　since(后加时间点或一般过去时的句子，主句谓语用延续性动词);

　　How long(对时间段或for与since引导的内容提问，句中谓语也用延续性动词)

　　in / all one’s life(在某人一生);in / during the past / last+时间段 (在最近的…时间内) ;so far(“到目前为止”); ever;never;just;before(参见18之4) ;recently;.

　　—23—

　　yet(用于句尾，用在疑问句或否定句中);

　　already (用于句中或句尾，用在肯定的陈述句中)

　　其中ever, just, never, already在句中时常放在动词过去分词前面。如：He has just gone.

　　85.形容词与副词区别：1形容词修饰名词，作定语(划线部分)：

　　She is a kind girl. What bad weather! I bought a new bike.

　　形容词可在系动词后，作表语(划线部分)：

　　The girl is kind. His face turned red. It tastes sweet.

　　也可放在不定代词或不定副词后面作定语： somewhere warm; anything new (另见10)

　　2副词(以下划线部分)修饰动词、形容词、副词，也可修饰整个句子，如以下黑体字。

　　He ran quickly. Please speak in the class aloud. Tim lives alone. 修饰动词

　　She is very angry. He felt too tired. I’m so lucky. 修饰形容词

　　He got up quite early. She did it very well. 修饰副词

　　Unluckily, I failed the English exam. 修饰整个句子

　　86.everyday与every day: everyday是形容词，后接名词，“日常的”。He is practicing everyday English. every day是副词，作时间状语，“每天”。We speak English every day.

　　87.everyone与every one: 1everyone“每个人;大家;所有人”，只指人。

　　后不接of短语。Everyone is here except Tom.

　　2every one“每一个”既可指人，也可指物。后常接of短语。

　　Every one of us has a dictionary. Every one of the trees is tall.

　　88.none与no one: 1no one“没有一人”只指人, 后不接of短语。

　　No one has been to Beihai Park. No one told us about it.

　　(以上因后面无of短语，故不用none)

　　2none“没有人;没有任何东西”既可指人，也可指物;既可指可数名词，也可指不可数名词。后常接of短语。

　　None of the children has/have been to Beihai Park.

　　(此处指人。因后有of短语，故不用no one)

　　A: How many elephants did you see there? B: None.

　　(对话中none单独用，不指人，故不用no one. 另见114)

　　89.乘交通工具之表达:1by bike / car / sea (ship) / air (plane) (前无冠词，且不用复数)

　　2on a horseback / his bike / the plane / a ship (有冠词或限定词)

　　He is talking with his teacher. May I talk to you?

　　(注意talk接人和接物时介词搭配不同：talk with / to sb ; talk about sth)

　　2tell只作及物动词,“告诉;讲”。常接双宾结构(tell sb sth.)

　　Mr. Li told us an interesting story. Who told you the news?

　　3say必须接有内容，或逻辑上有内容作宾语。 (所接内容见以下划线部分)

　　Please say it in English. He said nothing. Please show me what to say..

　　“I disagree with you.” said Tom. What will you say? Do you have anything to say?

　　say 若接sb, 则需先加to: I must say sorry to you.

　　“I overslept this morning.” he said to me.

　　4speak ●“说话”不及物动词。He spoke too fast for me to follow.

　　●接人时先加介词to. May I speak to Mr. Smith?

　　●可表说话的能力。The baby can speak now. 这个婴儿现在能说话。

　　There is something wrong with his throat, he can’t speak. 他的喉咙有病，说不成话。

　　●也可译为“演讲，发言”Who will speak in the meeting?

　　●也可译为“说”，作及物动词，后接语言。Do you speak English / Chinese?

　　61.sometimes / some times / sometime / some time:

　　sometimes: “有时”=at times. He is sometimes late for school. (sometimes在be后)

　　I sometimes forgot my homework. (sometimes在实义动词前)

　　Sometimes he becomes very angry. (sometimes 也可放在句首或句尾)

　　some times: “几次”I have been to Nanjing some times.

　　sometime: “某一时刻” I bought it sometime last spring. 我去年春天某个时候买的它。

　　We’ll meet again sometime next week. 我们下星期某个时候会再见面的。

　　some time: “一段时间”We have to stay here for some time.

　　62.need 的用法：1need可当情态动词(和can等用法类似，但need只用于疑问句或否定句中)： Need I go now? (need 放在一般疑问句的开头)

　　I needn’t tell you the answer. (否定句中直接在need后加not)

　　【当情态动词时，need无时态变化。】

　　2need 可当行为动词(和want 等用法类似)：

　　He needs a bike. (后可直接加名词)

　　I need to go over my lessons. (后可接带to不定式)

　　Do you need to have a rest? (一般疑问句中do, does, did在句首)

　　We don’t need to wait for her coming. (否定句中do, does, did提前)

　　—18—

　　【 注：need 后接表被动的内容时，可表达为： The TV needs to be repaired.

　　= The TV needs repairing.】

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