Section C

　　Short passage 1

　　Scientists have identified thousands of known ant species around the world. And only a few of them bug humans. Most ants live in the woods or out in nature, there they keep other creatures in check, distribute seeds and clean dead and decaying materials from the ground. (16) A very small percentage of ants do harm to humans. But those are incredibly challenging to control. They are small enough to easily slip inside your house, live in colonies that number in the tens of thousands to the hundreds of thousands, and reproduce quickly. That makes them good at getting in and hard to kick out. Once they settle in, these insects start affecting your home. In addition to biting ants, other species can cause different kinds of damage. (17)Some, like carpenter ants can undermine a home structure, while others interfere with electrical units. Unfortunately our homes are very attractive to ants because they provide everything the colony needs to survive, such as food, water and shelter.

　　So how can we prevent ants from getting into our homes? (18)Most important of all, avoid giving ants any access to food, particularly sugary food because ants have a sweet tooth. We also need to clean up spills as soon as they occur and store food in airtight containers. Even garbage attracts ants, so empty your trash as often as possible, and store your outside garbage in a lidded can well away from doors and windows.

　　16. What does the passage say about ants?

　　17. What do we learn from the passage about carpenter ants?

　　18. What can we do to prevent ants from getting into our homes?

　　Passage 2

　　(19) My research focus is on what happens to our immune system as we age. So the job of the immune system is to fight infections. It also protects us from viruses, and from autoimmune diseases. We know that as we get older, it’s easier for us to get infections. So older adults have more chances of falling ill. This is evidence that our immune system really doesn’t function so well when we age. In most of our work, when we’re looking at older adults who’ve got an illness, we always have to have health controls. So we work very closely with a great group of volunteers called the ‘One Thousand Elders’. These volunteers are all 65 or over, but in good health. (20) They come to the university to provide us with blood samples, to be interviewed, and to help us carry out a whole range of research. (21) The real impact of our research is going to be on health in old age. At the moment, we’re living much longer. Life expectancy is increasing at two years for every decade. That means an extra five hours a day. I want to make sure that older adults are still able to enjoy their old age, and that they’re not spending time in hospital with infections, feeling unwell and being generally weak. (21) We want people to be healthy, even when they’re old.

　　Questions 19 – 21:

　　19. What is the focus of the speaker’s research?

　　20. What are the volunteers asked to do in the research?

　　21. What does the speaker say will be the impact of his research?

　　Passage 3

　　When Ted Camarda started teaching 14 years ago at Killip elementary, he didn’t know how to manage a classroom and was struggling to connect with students. (22)He noticed a couple of days after school, that a group of kids would get together to play chess. “I know how to play chess, let me go and show these kids how to do it”, he said. Now Camarda coaches the school’s chess team. The whole program started as a safe place for kids to come after school.

　　(23)And this week, dozens of those students are getting ready to head out to Nashville, Tennessee to compete with about 5000 other young people at the Super Nationals of Chess. The competition only happens every four years and the last time the team went, they won the third place in the nation. Camarda says chess gives him and his students’ control. (24)The school has the highest number of kids from low income families. Police frequent the area day and night. As two months ago, a young man was shot just down the street, Camarda likes to teach his students that they should think about their move before they do it. The lessons prove valuable outside the classroom as well. Many parents see these lessons translate into the real world. (25)Students are more likely to think about their actions and see whether they will lead to trouble.

　　22 What did Ted Camarda notice one day after he started teaching at Killip elementary?

　　23 What are dozens of students from Camarda’s school going to do this week?

　　24 What do we learn about the students of Killip elementary?

　　25 What have the students learned from Camarda?

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