仔细阅读真题(卷二)

　　Section C

　　Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

　　Passage One

　　Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

　　The fifth largest city in the US passed a significant soda tax proposal that will levy (征税)1.5

　　cents per liquid ounce on distributors.

　　Philadelphia’s new measure was approved by a 13 to 4 city council vote. It sets a new bar for similar initiatives across the county. It is proof that taxes on sugary drinks can win substantial support outside super-liberal areas. Until now, the only city to successfully pass and implement a soda tax was Berkeley, California, in 2014.

　　The tax will apply to regular and diet sodas, as well as other drinks with added sugar, such as Gatorade and iced teas. It’s expected to raise $410 million over the next five years, most of which will go toward funding a universal pre-kindergarten program for the city.

　　While the city council vote was met with applause inside the council room, opponents to the measure, including soda lobbyists made sharp criticisms and a promise to challenge the tax in court.

　　“The tax passed today unfairly singles out beverages—including low- and no-calorie choices,” said Lauren Kane, spokeswoman for the American Beverage Association. “But most importantly, it is against the law. So we will side with the majority of the people of Philadelphia who oppose this tax and take legal action to stop it.”

　　An industry backed anti-tax campaign has spent at least $4 million on advertisements. The ads criticized the measure. characterizing it as a“grocery tax.”

　　Public health groups applauded the approved tax as a step toward fixing certain lasting health issues that plague Americans. “The move to recapture a small part of the profits from an industry that pushes a product that contributes to diabetes, obesity and heart disease in poorer communities in order to reinvest in those communities will sure be inspirational to many other places,” said Jim Krieger, executive director of Healthy Food America. “Indeed, we are already hearing from some of them. It’s not just Berkeley’ anymore.”

　　Similar measures in California’s Albany, Oakland, San Francisco and Colorado’s Boulder are becoming hot-button issues Health advocacy groups have hinted that even more might be coming.

　　46. What does the passage say about the newly-approved soda tax in Philadelphia?

　　A) It will change the lifestyle of many consumers.

　　B) It may encourage other US cities to follow suit.

　　C) It will cut soda consumption among low-income communities.

　　D)It may influence the marketing strategies of the soda business.

　　47. What will the opponents probably do to respond to the soda tax proposal?

　　A) Bargain with the city council.

　　B) Refuse to pay additional tax.

　　C) Take legal action against it.

　　D) Try to win public support.

　　48. What did the industry-backed anti-tax campaign do about the soda tax proposal?

　　A) It tried to arouse hostile feelings among consumers.

　　B) It tried to win grocers’ support against the measure.

　　C) It kept sending letters of protest to the media.

　　D) It criticized the measure through advertising.

　　49. What did public health groups think the soda tax would do?

　　A) Alert people to the risk of sugar-induced diseases.

　　B) Help people to fix certain long-time health issues.

　　C) Add to the fund for their research on diseases.

　　D) Benefit low-income people across the country.

　　50. What do we learn about similar measures concerning the soda tax in some other cities?

　　A) They are becoming rather sensitive issues.

　　B) They are spreading panic in the soda industry.

　　C) They are reducing the incidence of sugar-induced diseases.

　　D)They are taking away lot of profit from the soda industry.

　　Passage Two

　　Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

　　Popping food into the microwave for a couple of minutes may seem utterly harmless, but Europe’s stock of these quick-cooking ovens emit as much carbon as nearly 7 million cars, a new study has found. And the problem is growing. With costs falling and kitchen appliances becoming “status” items, owners are throwing away microwaves after an average of eight years. This is pushing sales of new microwaves which are expected to reach 135 million annually in the EU by the end of the decade.

　　A study by the University of Manchester calculated the emissions of CO2—the main greenhouse gas responsible for climate change—at every stage of microwaves, from manufacture to waste disposal. “It is electricity consumption by microwaves that has the biggest impact on the environment,” say the authors. The authors also calculate that the emissions from using 19 microwaves over a year are the same as those from using a car. According to the same study, efforts to reduce consumption should focus on improving consumer awareness and behaviour. For example, consumers could use appliances in a more efficient way by adjusting the time of cooking to the type of food.

　　However, David Reay, professor of carbon management, argues that, although microwaves use a great deal of energy, their emissions are minor compared to those from cars. In the UK alone, there are around 30 million cars. These cars emit more than all the microwaves in the EU. Backing this up, recent data show that passenger cars in the UK emitted 69 million tons of CO2 in 2015. This is 10 times the amount this new microwave oven study estimates for annual emissions for all the microwave ovens in the EU. Further, the energy used by microwaves is lower than any other from of cooking. Among common kitchen appliances used for cooking, microwaves are the most energy efficient, followed by a stove and finally a standard oven. Thus, rising microwave sales could be seen as a positive thing.

　　51. What is the finding of the new study?

　　A) Quick-cooking microwave ovens have become more popular.

　　B) The frequent use of microwaves may do harm to our health.

　　C) CO2 emissions constitute a major threat to the environment.

　　D) The use of microwaves emits more CO2 than people think.

　　52. Why are the sales of microwaves expected to rise?

　　A) They are becoming more affordable.

　　B) They have a shorter life cycle than other appliances.

　　C) They are getting much easier to operate.

　　D) They take less time to cook than other appliances.

　　53. What recommendation does the study by the University of Manchester make?

　　A) Cooking food of different varieties.

　　B) Improving microwave users’ habits.

　　C) Eating less to cut energy consumption.

　　D) Using microwave ovens less frequently.

　　54. What does Professor David Reay try to argue?

　　A) There are far more emissions from cars than from microwaves.

　　B) People should be persuaded into using passenger cars less often.

　　C) The UK produces less CO2 than many other countries in the EU.

　　D) More data are needed to show whether microwaves are harmful.

　　55. What does Professor David Reay think of the use of microwaves?

　　A) It will become less popular in the coming decades.

　　B) It makes everyday cooking much more convenient.

　　C) It plays a positive role in environmental protection.

　　E) It consumes more power than conventional cooking.

　　答案及解析：

　　汽水征税

　　【参考答案】

　　46 B It may encourage other US cities to follow suit..

　　47 C Take legal action against it.

　　48 D It criticized the measure through advertising.

　　49 B Help people to fix certain long-term health issues.

　　50 A They are becoming rather sensitive issues.

　　【答案解析】

　　46. 根据题干中的定位词及专有名词newly approved soda tax; Philadelphia回文快速定位到文章中的第2段，根据第2段的信息可得出费城新的法案的 通 过为全国类似法案设立了新的标准，并证明对含糖饮料进行征税能够赢得大量的支持。比对四个选项，A选项改变许多消费者的生活方式在第二段中未提及，无中生有，C选项在低收入社区减少汽水的消耗文中第二段也未提及，D选项可能影响汽水行业的营销策略，文中也没有提及，B选项鼓励美国其他城市跟着做，与第二段文意相符，故选择B选项。

　　47. 本题问的是“反对者可能会如何回应对汽水征税的提案?”，根据题干中的定位词opponents; soda tax proposal定位至第四段：尽管市政府投票在议事厅获得了赞扬支持，但是反对者对此作出尖锐的批评，并承诺在法院质疑这项征税。结合定位信息及四个选项的意思，可以确定选项C Take legal action against it.为本题的正确答案。选项A、B、D在文中均未提及，属于无中生有选项。

　　48. 根据题干中的定位词industry-backed anti-tax campaign回文定位该题至文中第6段：反对征税的活动花费至少400万美元在广告宣传上，通过广告对此法案进行批判，根据这两句话结合四个选项的意思，可以确定选项D It criticized the measure through advertising.为原文的同义替换。

　　49. 根据题干定位词public health groups回文定位该题至文中第7段：Public health groups applauded the approved tax as a step toward fixing certain lasting health issues that plague Americans.文中applaud一词为赞同，称赞的含义，比对该题四个选项，可以确定B Help people to fix certain long-term health issues.为文中信息的同义替换。

　　50. 根据题干信息“similar measures”，定位至文中第8段“Similar measures in California’s Albany, Oakland, San Francisco and Colorado’s Boulder are becoming hot-button issues.”根据原文的定位信息可得知在其他城市的类似法案的 通过成为敏感(hot-button)话题。结合四个选项可以确定A They are becoming rather sensitive issues.为原文的同义替换。

　　微波炉

　　【参考答案】

　　51.【D】 The use of microwaves emits more CO2 than people think.

　　答案解析：根据题干中“new study”可以定位到原文第一段第一句话 “..., but Europe’s stock of these quick-cooking ovens emit as much carbon as nearly 7 million cars, a new study has found. ” 大意为“尽管把食物放到微波炉里几分钟看起来完全无害，但是欧洲已有的微波炉存储可释放的二氧化碳量相当于七百万的汽车”A 选项为“微波炉很流行”，B选项为“频繁使用微波炉有害健康”，C选项为“二氧化碳排放量对环境产生威胁”，D选项为“使用微波炉释放的二氧化碳比人们想的还要多”，结合原文，D选项中含有关键词“microwaves” “CO2”正确。

　　52. 【A】They are becoming more affordable.

　　答案解析：根据题干中“the sales of microwaves ” 、“rise”可以定位到原文第一段最后一句话，但是该句与题干对应只阐述结果，且句首给出提示词 “this”, 因此真正答案句在上文，答案句为第三句“With costs falling and kitchen appliances becoming “status” items,...” 提到“成本”，四个选项中只有A选项“affordable”(可支付得起的)与之相符，与钱和成本可替换，因此为正确答案。

　　53. 【B】 Improving microwave users’ habits.

　　答案解析：根据题干中 “recommendation”(推荐) “ the University of Manchester”可定位到原文第二段第一句话和倒数第二句话，第一句主要提出调查结果并未给出建议，因为答案倒数第二句话 “..., efforts to reduce consumption should focus on improving consumer awareness and behaviour.” 重点强调改善消费者的意识与行为，B选项中“user”替换了“consumer”，“habits”替换了“behavior”，为正确选项。其他选项均为提及。

　　54. 【A】There are far more emissions from cars than from microwaves.

　　答案解析：根据题干关键词“Professor David Reay”、“argue” 可定位到原文第三段第一句话 “..., argues that, although microwaves use a great deal of energy, their emissions are minor compared to those from cars.” 大意为：和汽车相比，微波炉的二氧化碳排放量还是比较小的，四个选项中同时提到汽车与微波炉，且存在比较的只有A选项，为正确答案。

　　55. 【C】 It plays a positive role in environmental protection.

　　答案解析：题干问的该教授对微波炉的使用的看法，在原文中重点关注表示人态度的情态动词和形容词，定位与最后一段最后两句话 “..., microwaves are the most energy efficient, .... Thus, rising microwave sales could be seen as a positive thing.” 其中“most energy efficient”和“ positive”可以看出他态度为正面的，四个选项中C选项含有原词positive，且environmental protection 与energy efficient为近义替换，因此为正确选项。

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