七、-ING分词作定语

　　-ING分词可以单独作定语，也可以构成合成词作定语，但在更多情况下是分词短语作定语，包括限定性和非限定性(用逗号与其他部分分开)，在意义上相当于一个定语从句(包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句)

　　32) Jacob Lawrence executed many cycles of paintings significant social themes.

　　[A] expressed [B] expressing [C] express [D] expression of

　　33) The name Nebraska comes from the Oto Indian word “nebrathka”， flat water.

　　[A] to mean [B] meaning [C] it means [D] by meanig

　　34) The production of tin ore in the United States is relatively insignificant， less than one hundred tons annually.

　　[A] amounting to [B] in the amount [C] amounts to it [D] to the amount of

　　八、-ING的完成时、被动语态与否定形式

　　1. 如果-ING分词表示的是一般性动作，(即不指明是现在、过去或将来)不表示动作的先后或与谓语所表示的动作同时或几乎同时发生，这时要用-ING的一般形式

　　35) Revolution means the productive forces.

　　[A] to liberate [B] to have liberated [C] liberating [D] having been liberated

　　36) It is a simple matter [A] to have found [B] the density of a gas [C] from its formula [D] .

　　2. 但如果-ING分词所表示的动作先于句子谓语发生，就要用“(not)having+-ED分词”表示完成时

　　37) by the journey， he went to bed immediately after he came back home.

　　[A] Being exhausted [B] To have exhausted [C] Having exhausted [D] Having been exhausted

　　38) with an accedent， he arrived at the station ten minutes late.

　　[A] Having met [B] To have met [C] Meeting [D] Having been met

　　3. 当非限定性动词-ING的逻辑主语是-ING所表示的动作对象时要用-ING的被动形式，包括其一般形式“(not)being + -ED分词和完成形式”(not)having been +-ED分词“

　　39) Solids， liquids， and gases at rest all have a tendency to resist in motion.

　　[A] setting[B] to set[C] being set[D] to be set

　　40) Upon questioning [A] he denied having killed [B] the old woman with [C] the home-made [D] gun.

　　4. -ING的否定形式是把not加在-ING的前边

　　41) of the change in the meeting time， Mike arrived late.

　　[A] Not having notified[B] Not notifying[C] Not to notify[D] Not having been notified

　　42) I regret hard at school.

　　[A] not to have worked[B] not having worked[C] not have worked[D] having not worked

　　九、-ING分词的逻辑主语

　　1. -ING分词除了具有动词的特点以外，它还有名词的特点，即可以加物主代词(如my，your，his等)和名词的属格(如Wang Qing's等)来表示其逻辑主语(这时-ING的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致)

　　43) I suggest on an excursion this Sunday.

　　[A] we are going [B] to go [C] us going [D] our going

　　44) on a clear day， far from the city crowds， the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.

　　[A] If walking [B] While walking [C] Walking [D] When one is walking

　　45) Marta [A] being chosen [B] as the most outstanding [C] student on her campus made her parents [D] very happy.

　　2. 还有一种-ING分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的情况，这时直接可用“-ING分词的主语+-ING”来表示，这样的-ING分词短语可由介词引导。这种结构叫独立结构

　　46) A new technique ， the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.

　　[A] to have been worked out [B] having worked out

　　[C] working out [D] having been worked out

　　47) Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office， but our work ， we declined the offer.

　　[A] not being finished[B] not having finished[C] had not been finished[D] was not finished

　　3. 如果逻辑主语已和句子主语一致，那么其逻辑主语就可省略(在使用这种用法时要注意：-ING分词所表示的动作[ZZ(]一定[ZZ)]是主语所发出的，也就是说-ING分词的逻辑主语[ZZ(]一定[ZZ)]是主句的主语。试比较下列句子)

　　Getting into the room， I smelled a terrible smell.(getting 是 I 的动作)

　　Getting into the room， it give a terrible smell. (错误)

　　Walking through the forest， we found many strange animals. (walking 是 we 发出的)

　　Walking through the forest， a lot of animals are there. (错误)

　　Looking out of the window of our hotel room， we saw zigzag mountains. (Looking的使动者是we)

　　Looking out of the window of our hotel room， there were zigzag mountians.(错误)

　　48) Never attempting to be a literary stylist， in her novels.

　　[A] she considered the plot the most important element

　　[B] the most important element considered to be the plot

　　[C] considering the plot the most important element

　　[D] the plot was considered to be the most important element

　　49) with the new method， the material does not break up easily.

　　[A] To have treated [B] Having treated [C] Being treated [D] Having been treated

　　50) Attempting to reach his home before the storm， .

　　[A] the bicycle of John broke down[B] it happened that John's bike broke down

　　[C] the storm caught John[D] John had an accident on his bicycle

　　4. -ING分词的主语可以与做主语的名词或代词(即代词的主格)一致，放在-ING前边，与

　　-ING分词构成逻辑上的“主谓”关系。但是，-ING分词(还有-ED分词)短语作状语时，也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的“主语”。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，叫做独立结构。在很多情况下它都相当于各种形式的状语，表示一种伴随的动作或情况

　　51) Weather ， we'll go sightseeing.

　　[A] permitted[B] is permitted[C] permitting[D] is permitting

　　52) There are four factories in our institute， .

　　[A] each to have over 100 workers[B] each having over 100 worders

　　[C] which there are over 100 workers[D] with each that has over 100 workers

　　53) We went to [A] the World Park， Xiao Wang act [B] as guide for [C] he had been there several times [D]。

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