Text 3

　　This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.

　　Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”

　　What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.

　　Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”

　　But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand the coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipated every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.

　　Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AL. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center, India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.

　　On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.

　　While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.

　　To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.

　　31.【题干】Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.fascinates al scientists all over the world

　　B.has remained popular for as long as 200 years

　　C.involves some concerns raised by AI today

　　D.has sparked serious ethical controversies

　　【答案】C

　　【解析】由题干表述可判断本题为典型的观点例证题，所证观点就在例证前后，该例子出现在篇首，引出主题在后。由此可知本题定位句为第一段最后一句话。与选项比对可知，C项为“... that would ... to come”部分的同义转述，故为正确答案。其中，involves对应foreshadow，some concerns对应many ethical questions，剩余部分对应选项中的raised by AI today。其余选项在原文均无依据，故排除。

　　【估分】点击下载考研万题库 准确估分

　　32.【题干】In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.helps explain artificial intelligence

　　B.can be misleading to robot making

　　C.inspires popular sci-fi TV series

　　D.is too limited for us to reproduce it

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】观点细节题。根据题干中的David Eagleman定位到文中第四段第一句，该段第二句there are no good theories与题干中的knowledge属于等价代换，该段第二句中的consciousness与题干中的consciousness对应，第一句表明光人们如何思考就复杂到难以理解的程度更不用说要复制它了，第二句表明我们没有解释什么是consciousness的理论，与选项D吻合。题干our current knowledge of consciousness 及选项is too limited for us与定位句中的there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually属于等价代换，选项reproduce it与定位句中reproduced属等价代换。选项A、选项B及选项C基于文中出现的artificial intelligence、robot及sci-fi TV series错误引申。

　　【估分】点击下载考研万题库 准确估分

　　33.【题干】The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.can hardly ever be found

　　B.is still beyond our capacity

　　C.causes little public concern

　　D.has aroused much curiosity

　　【答案】B

　　【解析】细节题。根据题干中的autonomous vehicles定位到第五段第二句。该句出现for example，可知autonomous vehicle是具体的例子。篇中的例子是为了证明论点，应往前看，即证明第一句的观点：涉及人工智能的伦理问题在我们身边(注意这里doesn't和aren't为双重否定)，说明问题依然存在。选项[B]与题干结合含义为：找出由自动驾驶车带来的人工智能伦理问题的解决方法超出了我们的能力。与文章含义一致。[A]选项过于绝对，且从第六段可以看出，不同国家、公司在找解决问题的方法。[C]选项和[D]选项的public concern和curiosity这些信息词在原文中未涉及，属无中生有。

　　【估分】点击下载考研万题库 准确估分

　　34.【题干】The authors attitude toward Google's pledges is one of _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.affirmation

　　B.skepticism

　　C.contempt

　　D.respect

　　【答案】A

　　【解析】态度题。根据题干中的the author's attitude，Google's pledges。回文定位到第七段，第八段，但其七段都是在讲Google's pledge，继续看第八段，开头while，转折，while the statement is vague,与vague相反的即是观点，这个地方没有说是谁的观点，无人认领的观点即是作者的观点。vague是情感向下的词语，相反方向应是正向情感。[B]skepticism[C]contempt 都是负向情感，全部排除。[D]respect，虽是正向情感，其程度太深。所以选affirmation。

　　【估分】点击下载考研万题库 准确估分

　　35.【题干】Which of the following would be the best title for the text? _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.AI's Future: In the hands of Tech giants

　　B.Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AI

　　C.The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable

　　D.AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control

　　【答案】C

　　【解析】主旨题。本文首段通过引用Mary Shelley的书引出本文要探讨的话题新技术所引发的道德问题。第二段更是明确指出AI引起了一些问题。第三段和第四段对第二段提出的两个问题进行了详细的阐述，表明我们并不能确定智能化的程度以及因为所处环境的复杂无法定义人类自我意识。而在第五段转折之后明确指出AI所涉及的道德问题已经触手可及了。全篇复现了AI和conscience这两个关键词，因此正确答案为C，The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable。

　　选项A中的Tech Giants是文章没有提及的概念。尽管文章以Frankenstein这本书为引子，但是这本书并没有预测AI，而是AI技术引发的道德问题，故排除选项B。作者在最有一段表明了对未来积极的态度，AI的发展并非代替人类的最高智慧，最终还是会为人类所用，故排除选项D，该选项中的AI shall be killers呈现负向态度。

　　【估分】点击下载考研万题库 准确估分

　　Text 4

　　States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.

　　The Superme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.

　　The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.

　　Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”

　　The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.

　　Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven't been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the state.

　　Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, "Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision."

　　36.【题干】The Supreme Court decision Thursday will _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.Dette business' relations with states

　　B.put most online business in a dilemma

　　C.make more online shoppers pay sules tax

　　D.force some states to cut sales tax

　　【答案】C

　　【解析】根据题干可知这是一道典型的细节题。根据题干关键词“The Supreme Court Decision Thursday”定位到首段首句，States will be able to force more shoppers to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.由该句可知，最高法院的裁决可以让州政府去强制消费者在网上购物时要上缴销售税(营业税)，直接得出选项[C] make more online shoppers pay sales tax，让更多在线购物者支付销售税。

　　【估分】点击下载考研万题库 准确估分

　　37.【题干】It can be learned from Paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled desicisons _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.have led to the domainance of e-commerce

　　B.have cost consumers a lot over the years

　　C.were widely criticized by online purchases

　　D.were consider unfavorable by states

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】根据题干可知这是一道典型的推理题。根据题干定位范围确定为第二，三段，再根据题干细节： overruled decisions确定定位句为第二段的第一句与第二句，第二句that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually州政府抱怨之前的政策导致每年税收损失惨重。第三句The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases，原政策让州政府很难收取网上购物的营业税。综合两句情感色彩都为负向，对州政府不利，从而得出答案[D] were considered unfavorable by states 州政府认为原政策对州不利。

　　【估分】点击下载考研万题库 准确估分

　　38.【题干】According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.hindered economic development

　　B.brought prosperity to the country

　　C.harmed fair market competition

　　D.Doosted growth in states, revenue

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】根据题干可知这是一道典型的观点细节题。根据题干定位Anthony Kennedy定位在第四段，再根据题干细节physical presence rule确定定位句为第四段的第二句与第三句。第二句"Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States，实体店规定导致州政府税收亏损严重，第三句the rule "limited States' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.该规定限制了州政府持长期繁荣，并妨碍了所有市场参与者公平竞争，从而得出答案[D] harmed fair market competition破坏了公平市场竞争。

　　【估分】点击下载考研万题库 准确估分

　　39.【题干】Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.Internet enterpreneurs

　　B.Big-chair owners

　　C.Third-party sellers

　　D.Small retailers

　　【答案】B

　　【解析】根据题干可知这是一道推理题。根据题干定位范围确定为第五段，再根据题干细节：more likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling确定定位句为第五段的第一句，第一句the ruling is a victory for big chains这项裁决对于大型连锁公司来说是个胜利。从而得出答案[B] Big-chain owners 大型连锁公司。

　　【估分】点击下载考研万题库 准确估分

　　40.【题干】In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday the author _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequence

　　B.describes the long and complicated process of its making

　　C.presents its main points with conflicting views on them

　　D.cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implications

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】根据题干可知这是一道行文架构题，考查学生对文章结构的把握。整篇文章首段直接点名最高法院通过新的裁决，征收在线营业税。第二段介绍原来的判决及其后果，不利州政府。第三段描述原来判决涉及到的案例。第四段列举大法官观点，以前判决有瑕疵。第五段论述新判决的影响：对大型连锁店有利。第六段谈及新裁决对州外卖家的影响。第七段明确新裁决受到零售界的肯定。根据各段主旨可以看出作者的行文思路为：首段先介绍新判决，然后二三四段列出一些与此有关的案例，五六七段论其对行业内各界的影响。由此得出正确选项[D] cites some cases related to it and analyses their implications 引用相关案例，并论其影响。

　　【估分】点击下载考研万题库 准确估分

　　Part B

　　Directions:

　　The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these Paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing form the list-A-G and filling theam into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET (10 points)

　　A. These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments-from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding---then we change the very nature of what it means to "win" an argument.

　　B. Of course many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.

　　C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies

　　D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like

　　say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.

　　E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: There is only one way. to get the best of an arguments-and that is to avoid it. This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives-and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.

　　F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don't get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win- in one way.

　　G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, "Yes," and I yell. "No," neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers

　　41_____→42_____→F→43_____→44_____→C→45_____

　　41.【题干】_____.

　　【选项】

　　A.A

　　B.B

　　C.C

　　D.D

　　E.E

　　F.F

　　G.G

　　【答案】E

　　【解析】快速浏览选项，F和C段为已知段。现在要确定的是剩下的段落哪一段可以作为段首。G段落开头为there is a better way…出现一个比较级，说明是和前面的一个方法相比较，因此不能做段首;A段落these tools开头，出现代词，不能组为段首;B段落many discussions are not so successful，出现词汇so，为代词，指代上面说的successful discussion，因此不能做句首;这样只剩D和E段落，D段落开头Carnegie would be right if…，这里出现了对人物观点进行正确与否的判断，判断正确与否的前提是首先要提到此人的存在以及其观点具体是什么，所以D段落不能为段首，因此此题答案为E。实际上，纵观全文，本段是以Carnegie的观点为切入，然后通过分析Carnegie观点，对有效辩论进行探讨。

　　【估分】点击下载考研万题库 准确估分

　　42.【题干】_____.

　　【选项】

　　A.A

　　B.B

　　C.C

　　D.D

　　E.E

　　F.F

　　G.G

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】首段提及到Carnegie以及他书中的观点，根据人物线索，本题优先选择出现人物复现的段落，浏览剩余的段落发现只有选项D出现了Carnegie这个人。对这两个选项稍加分析得知，第一段论述了Carnegie书中的观点，D选项论述作者对此观点的评论，符合立论型文章的篇章结构。再者，根据已知段落F句首出现的代词指代线索也能得出答案。F首句提到These views of arguments与D段落尾句中的this kind of thinking 为同义复现，因此D为正确答案。

　　【估分】点击下载考研万题库 准确估分

　　43.【题干】_____.

　　【选项】

　　A.A

　　B.B

　　C.C

　　D.D

　　E.E

　　F.F

　　G.G

　　【答案】G

　　【解析】该选项位于F项之后，F段最后一句“but they can help you win-in one way”中有“help you win-in one way”，而G段首句“There is a better way to win arguments.”的“a better way to win”是对“help you win-in one way”的进一步说明。因此G段则接着F段。

　　【估分】点击下载考研万题库 准确估分

　　44.【题干】_____.

　　【选项】

　　A.A

　　B.B

　　C.C

　　D.D

　　E.E

　　F.F

　　G.G

　　【答案】B

　　【解析】本题位置为C的上一段。所以我们只需找到一段的尾句可以与C段首句进行关联即可。C段的第一句话：None of this will be easy...others refuse to...，句意为这样不容易，即使别人拒绝，但你可以开始...下文继续提到从反方面来对待你的观点。不难发现B项最后一句话提到了recognize weakness...accept ...on the opposite side...，此处opposite和refuse均为同义复现的替换词。此外，B项段尾是从心理上对待相反的论点，而C段中state...ask...spell...assess等均为做出的行动。先有想法再付诸行动的顺序也符合了B在前C在后，所以正确答案为B。

　　【估分】点击下载考研万题库 准确估分

　　45.【题干】_____.

　　【选项】

　　A.A

　　B.B

　　C.C

　　D.D

　　E.E

　　F.F

　　G.G

　　【答案】A

　　【解析】已知段落C段末尾两句话讲到Next time you state your position…. Next time you talk with someone who…. Assess its strength…。由此可知段落讲的都是一些帮助取得辩论胜利的做法技巧，这与A段落开头的These tools can help you win every argument构成了呼应，尤其是C段后Next time you talk with someone who 与A段开头but in the better sense of learning about the issues…同时都在讲对于别人观点的看法。因此确定答案选A选项。

　　【估分】点击下载考研万题库 准确估分

扫描/长按二维码关注可帮助考研通关

获取2019考研真题答案

获取2019考研成绩查询

获取2019考研分数线

获取2019考研调剂信息

考研万题库下载丨微信搜索"万题库考研"

　　相关推荐：

　　2019年考研答案 ※ 2019年考研真题 ※ 考研万题库估分

　　2019考研政治答案 ※ 考研英语答案 ※ 2019考研数学答案

　　直播解析：2019考研真题答案解析 ※ 关注考研微信对答案

　　2019考研成绩查询时间 ※ 微信查分提醒 ※考研复试分数线