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　　阅读A

　　Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this "clawback" rule is to hold bankers accountable

　　restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger

　　benefit: more long-term decision making, not only by banks but by all corporations, to

　　build a stronger economy for future generations.

　　"Short-termism," or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly trades companies, says the Bank of England's top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as

　　acting like rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.

　　The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed quarterly capitalism.

　　In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information at the speed of Twitter, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. "There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing, said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.

　　In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer

　　performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce "short-termism" In its latest survey of CEO pay. The Wall Street Journal finds that "a substantial part" of executive pay is now tied to performance.

　　Much more could be done to encourage "long-termism" such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.

　　Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of al stakeholders. Britain' s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.

　　21.【题干】According to Paragraph 1,one motive in imposing the new rule is the _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.enhance bankers' sense of responsibility

　　B.help corporations achieve larger profits

　　C.build a new system of financial regulation

　　D.guarantee the bonuses of top executives

　　【答案】A

　　【解析】根据题干可知这是一道典型的细节题。根据题干关键词“paragraph 1”和“one motive in imposing the new rule”回文定位在第一段第三句“The main purpose of this 'clawback' rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions.”(这个规则主要目的是让银行家为不良风险负责以及修复公众对金融机构的信任)，对比所给四个选项，只有A项 enhance bankers' sense of responsibility (增加银行的责任感)与原文表述一致，故为正确答案。B项“help corporations achieve profits”(帮助公司获得利润)以及C项“build a new system of financial regulation”(建立新的金融监管体系)在原文中并未提及。D项“guarantee the bonuses of top executives”(保证高管的奖金)与原文“…any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years…”(高管的任何有保证的奖金会被延迟10年)表述相反，故排除。

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　　22.【题干】Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.the conditions for generating quick profits

　　B.governments' impatience in decision-making

　　C.the solid structure of publicly traded companies

　　D.“short-termism” in economic activities

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】根据题干中的“Alfred Marshall”回文定位在第二段最后一句“Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like….”，其中的“this financial impatience”指上文提到的“short-termism”，也就是Alfred Marshall描述“短期主义”的行为就像……，由此可知，D项“short-termism” in economic activities(经济活动中的“短期主义”)为正确答案。其他选项在原文中均未提及，故排除。

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　　23.【题干】It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.indirect

　　B.adverse

　　C.minimal

　　D.temporary

　　【答案】B

　　【解析】根据题干关键词“Transient investment”定位第三段第二句，“Transient investors, ... can hinder a firm's efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty”(短暂投资会对公司的长期规划设阻，并影响客户的忠诚度。)A项 indirect (间接的)，原文未提及，排除;B项adverse (不利的)对应原文“hinder”，故为正确选项;C项minimal (最小的)和 D项 temporary(暂时的)原文未提及，故排除。

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　　24.【题干】The US and France examples and used to illustrate _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.the obstacles to preventing short-termism

　　B.the significance of long-term thinking

　　C.the approaches to promoting

　　D.the prevalence of short-term thinking

　　【答案】C

　　【解析】根据题干定位到第五、六段，第五段为美国的例子，第六段为法国的例子，(第五段中美国延迟发放才上任一年左右的高管绩效津贴，继而促进缓解“短期主义”盛行的现状;第六段在法国持股两年以上者拥有更大的选票权。)第六段首句承前启后讲到“Much more could be done to encourage 'long-termism'”促进“长期主义”还有很多做法。A项The obstacles to preventing “short-termism”(预防“短期主义”的阻碍)，无中生有，故排除;B项 The significance of long-termism thinking(“长期主义”思维的意义)，无中生有，故排除;C项The approaches to promoting “Long-termism”(促进“长期主义”的方法)，与原文一致，故为正确选项;D项The prevalence of short-termism thinking (“长期主义”思维的盛行)为第四段内容，与题干无关，故排除。

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　　25.【题干】Which of the following would be the best title for the text? _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.Failure of Quarterly Capitalism

　　B.Patience as a Corporate virtue

　　C.Decisiveness Required of Top Executives

　　D.Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers

　　【答案】B

　　【解析】根据题干关键词best title可知这是一道典型的主旨大意题。纵观全文，文章围绕西方国家的金融行业的“短期主义”投资和“长期主义”投资展开。第一段由金融管理者制定的一项限制高管津贴措施引出全文中心话题，促进金融投资的“长期主义”规划;第二段介绍了目前英国银行高管中“短期主义”投资占主流;第三段指出“短期主义”投资的弊端，第四段主要介绍美国现阶段仍然通过技术手段使得“短期主义”投资愈发盛行;五六段举例点明美法两国为促进“短期主义”投资所采取的措施;文章尾端再次呼应首段，点明英国新政提醒银行家们注重“长期主义”投资。B选项中的Patience对应文章中反复出现的主题词short-termisim 和long-termisim, Corporate本身在文章中就多次出现，因此为最佳标题。其余选项A. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism (季度资本主义的失败), C. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives (高管需要的决断力)D. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers(冒险银行家的挫败感)均不能概括全文，故排除。

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　　阅读B

　　Over the course of the past three decades, the A has become the most common grade given out on American college campuses. In 2015, 42 percent of grades were top marks, compared to 31 percent in 1988.

　　This trend of grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GP As over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade forgiveness"—is helping raise grade-point averages. Different schools' policies can work in slightly different ways, but in general, grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA. (Both grades still appear on the student's transcript.)

　　The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. According to a forthcoming survey by the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, a trade group, some 91 percent of undergraduate colleges and 80 percent of graduate and professional schools permit students to repeat courses to improve a grade. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.

　　The rise of grade forgiveness scans as yet another instance of colleges treating students as customers to be satisfied—similar to campus amenities such as luxurious dorms, palatial recreational facilities, and cornucopian dining halls. Indeed, there seems to be demand for do-overs. "Students are asking for it," said Jack Miner, Ohio State University's registrar and executive director of enrollment services. "We're attracting and, retaining stronger students and there's more competition to get into majors and graduate schools, and a small change in their GPA can help."

　　Ohio State expanded its grade-forgiveness policy three years ago to cover all undergraduates instead of just freshmen. Miner says that about 4,500 students roughly 10 percent of Ohio State's undergraduate population—take advantage of the policy in any given year. Most students see their grades rise in the second attempt, usually a full letter grade or a full letter and a half, Miner said. Still, about 15 percent of students who receive a failing grade in, the first attempt have the same outcome in the second. "That's a wake-up call for those students that maybe they need to reconsider their major," Miner said.

　　Miner is generally optimistic about the promise of grade forgiveness, but others are concerned about what it could do to academic dynamics. "It teaches students that their work in a course doesn't matter because there's always another chance," said Jonathan Marx, a professor of sociology at Winthrop University, in South Carolina.

　　Marx and his colleague David Meeler, an associate professor of philosophy, have studied grade-forgiveness programs at eight public institutions in an unnamed southern state. What they found in a study published in 2013 is that 5 percent of the seniors they polled at one of the institutions used grade -forgiveness policies to keep anywhere from a quarter to half of all of their coursework from counting toward their GPA One student highlighted in the study repeated five different courses for better grades, including a math class in which she was eventually able to raise her grade from a D to an A-minus.

　　"Everyone knows about grade inflation, but this is GPA distortion, and few people looking at a student's GPA know it happens," Meeler said. He and Marx told me they have nothing against giving students second chances, but their issue is with the colleges that, say, allow a student to repeat five courses as they please. "Institutions are allowing students to manage their grades to get the highest reward," Meeler said, as opposed to requiring students to work with faculty members to master the material.

　　At the University of Colorado Boulder, such concerns led faculty members to eliminate grade forgiveness in 2010. Professors at the time were worried about the fairness of the policy—they noticed that students in some majors were using it more than those in others, and that a freshman-oriented rule was being used regularly by upperclassmen. But now, as other colleges adopt or expand such policies, Colorado is considering reinstating the practice. "We're weighing how to foster student success to help them achieve their goals," said Kristi Wold-McCormick, the university's registrar. "We are not trying to alter academic history. It gives the student a chance to tell their story, about how they overcame a mistake or a struggle."

　　College officials also tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big 'penalty. "Ultimately," Ohio State's Miner said, "we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time."

　　That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges' own needs as well. For public institutions, state appropriations are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will-likely make students -who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they've gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.

　　Indeed, grade, forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers' expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to churn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students' and colleges' incentives seem to be aligned.

　　26.【题干】What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation? _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.The change of course catalogs

　　B.Students' indifference to GPAs

　　C.Colleges' neglect of GPAs

　　D.The influence of consumer culture

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】根据题干信息词定位到首段第一句，句子主干“Grade inflation is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education”即高校成绩膨胀问题通常被认为是消费者至上时代的产物。选项The influence of consumer culture. “消费者至上文化的影响”正是该句原因的同义表达。故D选项正确。

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　　27.【题干】What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness? _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.To help freshmen adapt to college learning

　　B.To maintain colleges' graduation rates

　　C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future

　　D.To increase universities income from tuition

　　【答案】A

　　【解析】根据题干要求定位到第三段第二句。该句中的this practice对应题干中的grade forgiveness，first started对应题干中的original，而不定式短语to give them(freshmen)a second chance...if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses(如果大一新生在都向大学课程的过渡中有问题的话在给他们一次机会......)为目的，对应题干中的purpose，故正确答案应为[A]选项To help freshmen adapt to college learning(帮助大一新生适应大学学习)。

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　　28.【题干】According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.obtain more financial support

　　B.boost their student enrollments

　　C.improve their teaching quality

　　D.meet local governments' needs

　　【答案】A

　　【解析】细节题做题的技巧是“准确定位和匹配”。根据题干关键词 “Paragraph 5”,以及“grade forgiveness”和“colleges”定位到第五段第一句话。通过第一句话可以看出，“grade forgiveness”满足了大学自己的需要，而具体的需要在第二句中体现，因此本题真正的答案出自于第二句即“For public institution…”。第二句话的意思是“对于大学来讲，国家的基金有时候是跟一些因素有关的，比如毕业率和学生在学率，因此好的分数意味着钱。题干中问题使“grade forgiveness”使大学能够…,而根据本段的第二句话，可知 “grade forgiveness”使大学能够获得更多的国家的基金，这与A选项“获得更多的经济支持”匹配，因此正确答案选A。

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　　29.【题干】What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean? _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.To counterbalance each other

　　B.To complement each other

　　C.To be identical with each other

　　D.To be contradictory to each other

　　【答案】C

　　【解析】根据题目定位到第6段最后一句：On this, students' and colleges' incentives seem to be aligned.解决本题的关键是this指代的内容，根据上文Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be.即“由于学生和家长都希望通过大学学历找工作，因此符合学校最佳利益的便是尽可能地证明学生的能力——或者说至少看起来如此”。由此可知，学生和学校有着共同的利益目标，所以正确答案为C，学生和学校的倡议是一致的。

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　　30.【题干】The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.assessing its feasibility

　　B.analyzing the causes behind it

　　C.comparing different views on it

　　D.listing its long-run effects

　　【答案】B

　　【解析】根据题干，表面上问作者通过什么论述方式来探讨grade forgiveness的实践操作，其实是考全文的主旨写作手法，属于主旨大意题。方法即是串读每段段落大意句，把握作者的论述角度。尤其，在第一段第一句 Grade inflation-…. - is often considered a product of a consumer era…. 以及第二句 But another, related force -…… 谈及的都是背后的原因。第五段，第一句 That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges' own needs as well.也是突出了grade forgiveness 能够满足大学自身的需求，这也是分析了grade forgiveness的原因。所以，该题答案是B项，analyzing the causes behind it.

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