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　　Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions:

　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

　　Text 1

　　21.Copper and her colleague argue that a "town of culture" award would ___.

　　A. consolidate the town city ties in Britain

　　B. promote cooperation among Brain's towns

　　C. increase the economic strength of Brain's towns

　　D. focus Brain's limited resources on cultural events.

　　22.According to paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as ______..

　　A.a sensible compromise

　　B.a self-deceiving attempt

　　C.an eye-catching bonus

　　D.an inaccessible target

　　23. The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it ______

　　A. endeavor to maintain its image

　　B. meets the aspiration of its people

　　C. brings its local arts to prominence

　　D. commits to its long-term growth

　　24. “Glasgow” is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present ______

　　A. a contrasting case

　　B. a supporting example

　　C. a background story

　　D. a related topic

　　25. What is the author's attitude towards the proposal?

　　A. Skeptical B. Objective C. Favorable D. Critical

　　21 C increase the economic strength of Britain’s towns

　　这道题是细节题。题干问库珀和她的同事们认为“文化之城”这一奖项可能会怎样可以定位在第一段第三句：“Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull,……” “赫尔之冠”的成功并不局限于城市，它为赫尔带来了2.2亿欧元的投资和大量艺术作品。英国的城镇，确实没有被阻止申请，但他们通常缺乏资源来凑齐一点来击败他们更大的竞争对手。有人认为，“文化之城”奖可以成为一项年度活动，吸引资金并创造就业机会。所以能看出答案是C. 增强英国城镇的经济实力。

　　22 B a self-deceiving attempt

　　该题是推断题, 题干问:根据第二段，这一提议或许会被一些人认为是…….。 可以定位在第二段第一句“Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that……”“有些人可能会把这个提议看作是一个嘘声，因为英国已经不能再申请更有声望的欧洲文化之都的称号了……” 能看出来有些人是持反面态度的。很多人不认识boo，但是也能从后面的on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for,在绝望地为英国退欧后的世界重塑形象之际，英国即将消失在一场无休止的自我庆祝热潮之中. 接下来几个反问句，能看出来是一种自我欺骗的尝试，所以选择B。

　　23 D commits to its long-term growth

　　该题也是细节题, 题干问:作者认为这个头衔的持有者是成功的只要它……可以定位到第三段第三句，这些头衔真正成功的持有者，是那些除了为酒店带来收入、带来引人注目的艺术活动和一年的良好报道之外，还做了很多事情的人。它们转变了当地居民的愿望;他们将城市的自我形象推向更大胆、更乐观的一面。所以能看出只要他把致力于乡村的长期发展中，这个头衔就会是成功的。

　　24 A. a contrasting case

　　这题是写作目的题， 题干说：第3段提到格拉斯哥是为了展现什么。可以定位到第三段倒数第一句。可以看到前面有明显的BUT， 知道和前面的意思成相反。“这个问题很难解决，需要高度的远见卓识，也需要城市当局、私营部门、社区团体和文化组织之间的合作。但这是可以做到的:格拉斯哥作为欧洲文化之都的一年，可以被看作是一系列复杂的因素之一，这些因素把这座城市变成了艺术、音乐和戏剧的力量，直到今天。”

　　25 D favourable

　　这题是作者态度题，问作者对于这个建议的态度。第一段是提出该建议。第二段是一些人认为这个建议有点吹嘘。而只有最后一段能看出作者对此建议的态度，“一个“文化之城”不仅仅是艺术之城，而且要尊重一个城市的特色——帮助维持它的商业街，支持当地的设施，最重要的是赞美它的人民，并将其转化为行动。”所以能看出是积极赞成的态度。

　　Text 2

　　Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need joumals in which to publish

　　their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.

　　With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only fnd a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.

　　The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world,made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 toenable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.

　　The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.

　　In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.

　　Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around ￡500 to $5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these’’article preparation costs’’ had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.

　　26. Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money" partly because________

　　[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase .

　　[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.

　　[C] its payment for peer review is reduced.

　　[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.

　　27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have________

　　[A] thrived mainly on university libraries.

　　[B] gone through an existential crisis.

　　[C] revived the publishing industry.

　　[D] financed researchers generously.

　　28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?

　　[A] Relieved.

　　[B] Puzzled.

　　[C] Concerned

　　[D] Encouraged.

　　29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms________

　　[A]allow publishers some room to make money.

　　[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.

　　[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially.

　　[D] free universities from financial burdens.

　　30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?

　　[A] Trial subscription is offered.

　　[B] Labour triumphs over status.

　　[C] Costs are well controlled.

　　D] The few feed on the many.

　　26, 细节题 D its content acquisition cost nothing

　　根据题干中关键词a licence to print money because ,定位到第一段第二句，其他科学家也免费进行同行评议的专门工作，因为它是获得地位和生产科学知识的核心要素。正确选项D，acquisition原词， for free替换选项中的，cost nothing.

　　27, 细节题 A thrived mainly on universities libraries

　　根据题干关键词Elsevier定位到第三段第一句话，The Dutch giant Elsevier, ....made profits of more than 490m last year. while UK universities alone spent more than 210m in 2016,该公司去年利润超过4.9亿英镑 然而仅英国大学在2016年就花费了超过2.1亿英镑。正确选项A 主要依靠大学图书馆 为定位句的同意表达

　　28态度题 B concerned

　　根据题干中关键词Sci-Hub的成功定位到第四段第二句， The success of Sci- Hub, .... have themselves legally accessed shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants这表明法律生态系统在其用户中已经失去了合法性，必须进行改造，以便为所有参与者服务. 可见作者对于Sci- Hub的成功采取否定态度，正确选项B concerned担忧，担心。A relieved宽慰的，C puzzled困惑的属错误选项， D encouraged鼓励的，正反混淆

　　29推断题 A allow publishers some room to make money

　　根据题干关键词open access定位到第四段，最后一句 ...so that the publishers can make a profit before...,合理收取费用是未来出版商能够获利，A选项为同义替换。B render publishing much easier for scientists使发表对科学家来说容易得多 .C reduce the cost of publication substantiality 降低出版成本 D. free universities from financial burdens使大学摆脱财政负担

　　30 细节题 D the few feed on the many

　　根据题干关键词scientific publishing model定位到最后一段第五句，labour is provided places free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.劳动力被免费提供，以换取地位的希望，而一些经营市场的大公司则获得了巨额利润。 可知少部分作者免费劳动，大部分公司盈利，A选项为同义替换

　　Text 3

　　Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.

　　A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.

　　Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.

　　The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in Califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.

　　The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest, Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection".

　　But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the pereentage of women in the general population, but so what?

　　The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.

　　Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.

　　Wrting in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a"golden skirt "phenomenon, where the same clite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.

　　Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do litle to help average women.

　　31. The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad wills________

　　[A] help little to reduce gender bias.

　　[B] pose a threat to the state government.

　　[C] raise women's position in politics.

　　[D] greatly broaden career options.

　　32. Which of the following is true of the California measure?

　　[A] It has irritated private business owners.

　　[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court,

　　[C] It may go against the Constitution.

　　[D] It will settle the prior controversies.

　　33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to ilustrate____

　　[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision.

　　[B] the importance of constitutional guaranees.

　　[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.

　　[D] the needlessness of government interventions.

　　34. Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to____

　　[A] the underestimation of elite women's role.

　　[B] the objection to female participation on boards.

　　[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.

　　[D] the growing tension between labor and management.

　　35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?

　　[A] Women's need in employment should be considered.

　　[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.

　　[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.

　　[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.

　　31 态度题 A help little to reduce gender bias

　　纵观全文，文章一直在论述该法案，在最后一段作者提出了自己的想法，下次有人把企业配额作为促进性别平等的一种方式。请记住，这些基本上都是自私自利的措施，让他们的赞助商感觉良好，但其实并没有什么帮助，由此可见作者对此法案采取否定态度，A help little to reduce gender bias对减少性别偏见没什么帮助为同义替换的正确选项

　　32 细节题 C it may go against the constitution

　　根据题干中的关键词 California measures定位到原文第五段第二句，Because the California law applies to all boards, ... courts are likely to rule that the law violate the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection" violate 违反宪法，选项C against替换violate为正确选项

　　33. 例证题 D the needlessness of government interventions

　　根据题干中catalyst替换到第7段，论点为上一句The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government . 在没有政府的情况下，公司董事会中的妇女人数一直在稳步增加。可见D选项中the needlessness of government interventions政府干预的不必要性

　　34 细节题 C the entry of unqualified candidates into the board

　　根据Norway定位到倒数第三段第一句，要求将性别作为董事会成员的主要资格，必然会导致私营部门董事会减少。紧接着下文董事会成员的机会越来越多，却没有合格的女性来担任董事会成员， 由此可见会有不合格的人进入董事会，正确选项C 不合格候选人进入董事会

　　35 推断 B Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking 由最后一段可知，下次有人把企业配额作为促进性别平等的一种方式。请记住，这些基本上都是自私自利的措施，让他们的赞助商感觉良好，但其实并没有什么帮助。由此可知该政策并不可取，正确选项B可行性应是决策的首要考虑因素

　　Text 4

　　Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax

　　on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such servces. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a“GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon- in other words, multiational tech companies based in the United States.

　　The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite Sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.

　　The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax), Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.

　　These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep ;up with the current economy.

　　In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization' s work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.

　　France‘s planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.

　　36. The French Senate has passed a bill to_____

　　[A] regulate digital services platforms.

　　[B] protect French companies' interests .

　　[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.

　　[D] curb the influence of advertising.

　　37. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax _____

　　[A] may trigger countermeasures against France.

　　[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.

　　[C] aims to ease international trade tensions.

　　[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.

　　38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that _____

　　[A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.

　　[B] the current international tax system needs upgrading.

　　[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.

　　[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.

　　39. It can be learned from Para 5 that the OECO's current work_____

　　[A] is being resisted by US companies.

　　[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.

　　[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.

　　[D] needs to in involve more countries.

　　40. Which of the following might be the. best title for this text?

　　[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions

　　[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax

　　[C] France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals

　　[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital Economy

　　36. 【C】 impose a levy on tech multinationals 细节题。根据题干直接定位到第一段第一句话 a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services…;选项C中的“levy”和“tax”同义复现;“tech multinationals” 和digital services 同义复现。因此C为正确答案，奇遇选项均未体现。

　　37.【A】may trigger countermeasures against France 推断题。根据提干定位到第二段，第二段第二句话but it has already sparked significant controversy,…,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France(这已经引起了巨大的反抗，…, 反过来也会导致针对法国的贸易制裁)和选项A相一致;其中选项中的“trigger”和原文的“lead to”同义复现，“sanction”和“countermeasure”同义复现。其余选项均未体现。

　　38.【B】the current international tax system needs upgrading 细节题。根据题干定位到第四段最后一句话 “they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy(他们都认为国际税收体系并未跟上当前经济形势)。选项B目前的国际税收体系需要升级是该句话的反义复现。其余选项均为体现。

　　39.【C】is faced with uncertain prospects 细节题。根据提干定位到第五段最后一句话”raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system(对于国际税收体系的未来充满疑虑)”和选项C相一致。其中选项中的“uncertain”和原文中的“raise questions”同义复现，“prospects”和原文中的 “future”同义复现。

　　40【B】France leads the charge on digital tax 主旨题。题干中的title为标题题的信息，所以此题考查的是文章的主旨大意。B 选项里的 tax是贯穿全文的主旨词;而文章以法国对数字服务征税为起点，全文描写了包括法国在内的其它国家对全球税收系统的担忧，因此选项B和文章的主旨相符合。剩余选项均选项未能体现文章关键词和全文主旨。

　　Part B

　　Directions:

　　In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 -45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　[A] Eye fixactions are brief

　　[B] Too much eye contact is instinetively felt to be rude

　　[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal

　　[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact

　　[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated

　　[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers

　　[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.

　　In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate tums toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility. Here 's what hard science reveals about eye contact:

　　41. ________________

　　We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back . This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room, "Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence,a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.

　　42.________

　　Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.

　　43.________

　　With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance OF intimidation in adversarial situations. Whether you're a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep 'in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.

　　44.________

　　When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.

　　45.________

　　In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ-" A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.

　　41.答案：C. Eye contact can be a friendly social signal

　　解析：本段第三句说了，“can be a complimentary significant of paying attention”，此外本段最后一句也说：眼神接触和微笑能signal availability and confidence发送可用性和自信的信号。都说明眼神接触是个友善的社交信号。 因此选C。

　　42.答案：E

　　解析：本段第一句就出现了hormone 荷尔蒙，此外，本段中出现的oxytocin催产素，hign-functioning高官能，autistic spectrum symptoms自闭症谱系症状等词都说明是在聊生物因素。最后一句中还有explore探索，brain scanning 脑部扫描。所以选E

　　43. 答案：G

　　解析：本段第一句就说了eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages，depending on the situation眼神接触根据不同情况会发出不同的讯息。下一句主干说在不利环境中，会与dominance支配or intimidation恫吓有关联。因此G为正确答案。

　　44.答案：A

　　解析 ：本段第一句就提到了time，第二句清楚地说到了These pauses typically occur at about three per second，通常每秒三次，充分说明很快，所以选A。

　　45. 答案：D

　　解析：第一句话中就有personality。在引用中转折之后，but their brain reactions also differ人们脑部反应不同，最后一句话更加明确说到高负能量的人更觉得被人直视令人不舒服。因此选D。

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