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　　Section II Reading Comprehension

 　　Part A

　　Directions:

　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

　　Text 1

　　On a recent sunny day13.000 chickens roam over Larry Brown's 40 windswept acres in Shiner Texas. Some rest in the shade of a parked car others drink water with the cows. This all seems random, but it's by design, part of what the $6.1 billion US. egg industry bets will be its next big thing: climate-friendly eggs.

　　These eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as $8 a dozen. are still labeled organic and animal-friendly, but they're also from birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture-special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap greenhouse gases. Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.

　　"I'm excited about our progress," says Brown, who harvests eggs for Denver-based NestFresh Eggs and is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat. The birds' waste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements "allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land, the hens, and the eggs that we supply to our customers."

　　The egg industry's push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering. in barely more than a decade, organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats, but both have exploded into major supermarket categories. If the sustainable-egg roll out is successful, it could open the floodgates for regenerative beef, broccoli, and beyond.

　　Regenerative products could be a hard sell because the concept is tough to define quickly, says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandy wine. Such farming also brings minimal, if any. improvement to the food products (though some producers say their eggs have more protein).

　　The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range, non-GMO, and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability. Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change, and some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect environment. Young adults "really care about the planet," says John Brunnquell, president of Eggs Innovations. "They are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what I think even they understand what they're doing.

　　21.【题干】the climate-friendly eggs are produced _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.at a considerably low cost

　　B.at the demand of regular shoppers

　　C.as a replacement for organic eggs

　　D.on specially designed forms

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词climate-friendly eggs定位到第一段末句：This all seems random, but it’s by design, part of…next big thing: climate-friendly eggs(这看起来随意，但其实是设计好的，是下一个大事件气候友好蛋的一部分)。其中This指的是第一段开头描述的养鸡农场景象。养鸡农场是设计好的，用于生产气候友好蛋，由此可知气候友好蛋是在specially designed farms(经过特别设计的农场)上生产的，所以本题选D。

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　　22.【题干】Larry Brown is excited about his progress in _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.reducing the damage of climate change

　　B.accelerating the disposal of waste

　　C.creating sustainable system

　　D.attracting customers to his products

　　【答案】C

　　【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干关键词Larry Brown is excited about his progress定位到第三段①句，该句提到(Brown) is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat(Brown正在添加更多的覆盖作物来吸引蠕虫和蟋蟀给鸡吃)。结合②句The birds' waste then fertilizes fields(然后鸡的排泄物可以给田地施肥)和③句中的Such improvements "allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed…"(这样的改进使我们的母鸡能够找到更高质量的天然食物)可知，C项creating a sustainable system(创造一个可持续的系统)是对①-③句的合理概括，所以本题选C。

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　　23.【题干】the example of organic eggs is used in the Paragraph if to suggest _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.the doubts to over natural feeds

　　B.the set breaks in the eggs industry

　　C.the potential of regenerative products

　　D.the promotional success of super markets

　　【答案】C

　　【解析】本题为例证题。例证题通常考查根据论据寻找论点的能力，论点一般在论据的前面。根据题干关键词organic eggs定位到第四段②句，该句为论据，其所要说明的事物为①句：whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering(来自再生农场的动物产品能否成为下一个优质产品)。C项the potential of regenerative products(再生产品的潜力)是对①句中问题的合理概括，所以本题选C。

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　　24.【题干】It can be learned from paragraph that young people _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.are reluctant to change their diet

　　B.are likely to buy climate friendly eggs

　　C.are curious about new food

　　D.are amazed at agriculture advances

　　【答案】B

　　【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干中的young people可先定位到最后一段中的②句：younger generations are more concerned about climate change(年轻一代更加关心气候变化)。结合③句中的Young adults "really care about the planet"(年轻人真的关心地球)和④句中的They are absolutely altering the food chain(他们绝对在改变食物链)，可以判断年轻人很可能在从食物方面为改善气候和地球环境做贡献。B项are likely to buy climate-friendly eggs(可能购买气候友好蛋)是对②-④句的合理推断，所以本题选B。

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　　25【题干】John Brunnquell would disagree with Julie Stanton over regenerative products _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.markets prospects

　　B.standard definition

　　C.market prospect

　　D.moral implication

　　【答案】A

　　【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干中的John Brunnquell定位到最后一段中的③句，Brunnquell说年轻人真的关心地球。结合④句他说年轻人绝对在改变食物链，可见他认为年轻人可能通过消费气候友好蛋等再生产品来保护地球，对再生产品的市场前景是乐观的。再根据题干中的Julie Stanton定位到倒数第二段的①句，Stanton说Regenerative products could be a hard sell(再生产品可能要被强行推销)，可见她对再生产品的市场前景是悲观的。因此这两人在再生产品的市场前景方面的观点是不一致的，A项market prospects(市场前景)准确指出了两人观点的分歧所在，所以本题选A。

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　　Text 2

　　More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforce model.

　　One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life, according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade. Even more surprising is that more than half of "unretirees"-those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring -said they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey showed.

　　Financial needs aren't the only culprit for the "unretirement" trend. Other reasons, according to the study, include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit, preventing boredom or avoiding depression. About 72% of "unretiree" respondents said that they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit while 59% said it would be tied to making ends meet.

　　"The concept of retirement is evolving." said Christine Russell, senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade. "It's not just about finances. The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement."

　　One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer. Older Americans are also the fastest-growing segment of the U.S. workforce, and boomers are expected to live longer than previous generations. The percentage of retirement-age people in the labor force has doubled over the past three decades. About 20% of people 65 and older were in the workforce in February, up from an all-time low of 10% in January 1985, according to money manager United Income.

　　Because of longer life spans. Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed, which surveyed 2,000 adults between 40 to 79. Six in 10 "unretirees" are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life. according to the survey. Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.

　　Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss, a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth. He suggested that preretirees should speak with a financial adviser to set long-term financial goals.

　　The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and ultimately retiring." Weiss said. "It's not just a financial decision, but an emotional one. Many people believe they can't retire.

　　26.【题干】The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates that_____.

　　【选项】

　　A.over half of the retirees are physically fit for work

　　B.the old workforce is as active as the younger one dose

　　C.one in three Americans enjoy earlier retirement

　　D.more Americans are willing to work in retirement

　　【答案】D

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　　27.【题干】It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Americans tend to think that_____.

　　【选项】

　　A.retirement may cause problems for them

　　B.boredom can be relieved after retirement

　　C.the mental health of retirees is overlooked

　　D."unretirement" contributes to the economy

　　【答案】A

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　　28.【题干】Retirement patterns are changing partly due to_____.

　　【选项】

　　A.labor shortage

　　B.population growth

　　C.longer life expectancy

　　D.rising living costs

　　【答案】C

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　　29.【题干】Many retirees are increasing their savings by_____.

　　【选项】

　　A.investing more in stocks

　　B.taking up odd jobs

　　C.getting well-paid work

　　D.spending less

　　【答案】D

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　　30.【题干】With regard to retirement, Bent Weiss thinks that many people are_____.

　　【选项】

　　A.unprepared

　　B.unafraid

　　C.disappointed

　　D.enthusiastic

　　【答案】A

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　　Text 3

　　We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives. Think about the times you felt tricked o frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel. Something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that impair consumer choice. These are example of patterns.

　　First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brig null, dark patterns" is a catch-all tern for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users. Brig null identifies 12 types of common dark patters, ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to roach motel." where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.

　　In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices. Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood. Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.

　　Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns? Businesses should engage in conversations with IT, compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy policy, and include in the discussion the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible for the company's user interface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups, checkout baskets, pricing, and promotions. Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding "digital deception."

　　Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state level. In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that ensure that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights. "The regulations aim to ban dark patterns-this means prohibiting companies from using" confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn't opt out.

　　As more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there is a need for greater accountability form within the business community. Dark patterns also be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements, but also to industry best practices and standards.

　　31.【题干】It can be learned from the first two paragrphs that dark patterns _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.improve user experience

　　B.leak user information for profit

　　C.undermine users decision-making

　　D.remind users of hidden costs

　　【答案】C

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　　32.【题干】The 2019 study on dark pattern is mentioned to show _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.their major flaws

　　B.their complex designs

　　C.their severe damage

　　D.their strong presence

　　【答案】D

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　　33.【题干】To handle digital deception business should _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.listen to customer feedback

　　B.talk with relevant teams

　　C.turn to independent agencies

　　D.rely on professional training

　　【答案】B

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　　34.【题干】The additional regulations under the CCPA are intended to _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.guide user though opt-out processes

　　B.protect consumers from being tricked

　　C.grant companies data privacy right

　　D.restrict access to problematic content

　　【答案】B

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　　35.【题干】According to the last paragraph a key to coping with dark patterns is _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.new legal requirements

　　B.business self-discipline

　　C.strict regulatory standards

　　D.consumers' safety awareness

　　【答案】B

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　　Text4

　　Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests on sometimes unreliable self-reports. But a new study published in Cognition found that, in at least one real-world situation, a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.

　　The researchers investigated one class session's impact on eating meat. They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric Schwitzeebel, a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside: students' attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering. Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, optionally watched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion. The other half focused on charitable giving instead. Then, unknown to the students, the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester -nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.

　　Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect; he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors, including voting rates, blood donation and returning library books. But among student subjects who discussed meat ethics, meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percent-and this effect held steady for the study's duration of several weeks. Purchases from the other group remained at 52 percent.

　　"That's actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention," Schwitzgebel says. Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the study, says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable. And if real, she notes, it might be reversible by another nudge: Easy come, easy go.

　　Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence-classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism, showing it as achievable or more common. Second, the video may have had an emotional impact. Least rousing he thinks, was rational argument, although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role Now the researchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style, teaching assistants" eating habits and students' video exposure. Meanwhile. Schwitzgebel-who had predicted no effect will be eating his words.

　　36.【题干】Scientists generally believe that the effects of ethics classes are _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.hard to determine

　　B.narrowly interpreted

　　C.difficult to ignore

　　D.poorly summarized

　　【答案】A

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　　37.【题干】Which of the following is a reason for the researchers to study meat eating?

　　【选项】

　　A.It is common among students.

　　B.It is a behavior easy to measure.

　　C.It is important to students' health.

　　D.It is a hot topic in ethics classes.

　　【答案】B

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　　38.【题干】Eric Schwitzgebel's previous findings suggest that ethics professors _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.are seldom critical of their students

　　B.are less sociable than other professors.

　　C.are not sensitive to political issues

　　D.are not necessarily ethically better

　　【答案】D

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　　39.【题干】Nina Strolminger thinks that the effect of the intervention is _____.

　　【选项】

　　A.permanent

　　B.predictable

　　C.uncertain

　　D.unrepeatable

　　【答案】C

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　　40.【题干】Eric Schwitzgebel suspects that the students' change in behavior_____.

　　【选项】

　　A.can bring psychological benefits

　　B.can be analyzed statistically

　　C.is a result of multiple factors

　　D.is a sign of self-development

　　【答案】C

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　　Section II Reading Comprehension Part B

　　Directions: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45).There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　How to Get Active Again After a Break

　　Moving your body has been shown to reduce anxiety and depression, lower rates of many types of cancer and the risk of a heart-attack, and improve overall immunity. It also helps build strength and stamina.

　　Getting back into exercise can be a challenge in the best of times, but with gyms and in-person exercise classes off-limits to many people these days because of COVID-19 concerns, it can be tricky to know where to start. And it's important to get the right dose of activity. "Too much too soon either results in injury or burnout," says Mary Yoke, PhD, a faculty member in the kinesiology department at Indiana University in Bloomington.

　　The following simple strategies will help you return to exercise safely after a break.

　　_____(41)

　　Don't try to go back to what you were -doing before your break. If you were walking 3 miles a day, playing 18 holes of golf three times a week, or lifting 10-pound dumbbells for three sets of 10 reps reduce activity to ½ mile every other day, or nine holes of golf once a week with short walks on other days, or use 5-pound dumbbells for one set of 10 reps.

　　Increase time, distance, and intensity gradually. "This isn't something you can do overnight," Denay says. But you'll reap benefits such as less anxiety and improved sleep right away.

　　_____(42)

　　If you're breathing too hard to talk in complete sentences, back off. If you feel good, go a little longer or faster. Feeling wiped out after a session? Go easier next time. And stay alert to serious symptoms, such as chest pain or pressure, severe shortness of breath or dizziness, or faintness, and seek medical attention immediately.

　　_____(43)

　　Consistency is the key to getting stronger and building endurance and stamina.

　　Ten minutes of activity per day is a good start, says Marcus Jackovitz, DPT, a physical therapist at the University of Miami Hospital. All the experts we spoke with highly recommend walking because it's the easiest, most accessible form of exercise. Although it can be a workout on its own, if your goal is to get back to Zumba classes, tennis, cycling, or any other activity, walking is also a great first step.

　　_____(44)

　　Even if you can't yet do a favorite activity, you can practice the moves. With or without a club or racket, swing like you're hitting the ball. Paddle like you're in a kayak or canoe. Mimic your favorite swimming strokes. The action will -remind you of the joy the activity brought you and prime your muscles for when you can get out there again.

　　_____(45)

　　Exercising with others "Can keep you account-able and make it more fun, so you're more likely to do it again," Jackovitz says.

　　You can do activities such as golf and tennis or take a walk with others and still be socially distant. But when you can't connect in person, consider using technology. Chat on the phone with a friend while you walk around your neighborhood. FaceTime or Zoom with a relative as you strength train or stretch at home.

　　You can also join a livestream or on-demand exercise class. SilverSneakers offers them for older adults, or try EverWalk for virtual challenges.

　　41.【题干】41._____

　　【选项】

　　A.Start low, go slow

　　B.Round out your routine

　　C.Talk with your doctor

　　D.Make it a habit

　　E.Go through the motions

　　F.Don't go it alone

　　G.Listen to your body

　　【答案】A

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　　42.【题干】42._____

　　【选项】

　　A.Start low, go slow

　　B.Round out your routine

　　C.Talk with your doctor

　　D.Make it a habit

　　E.Go through the motions

　　F.Don't go it alone

　　G.Listen to your body

　　【答案】G

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　　43.【题干】43._____

　　【选项】

　　A.Start low, go slow

　　B.Round out your routine

　　C.Talk with your doctor

　　D.Make it a habit

　　E.Go through the motions

　　F.Don't go it alone

　　G.Listen to your body

　　【答案】D

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　　44.【题干】44._____

　　【选项】

　　A.Start low, go slow

　　B.Round out your routine

　　C.Talk with your doctor

　　D.Make it a habit

　　E.Go through the motions

　　F.Don't go it alone

　　G.Listen to your body

　　【答案】E

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　　45.【题干】45._____

　　【选项】

　　A.Start low, go slow

　　B.Round out your routine

　　C.Talk with your doctor

　　D.Make it a habit

　　E.Go through the motions

　　F.Don't go it alone

　　G.Listen to your body

　　【答案】F

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