2. 因果颠倒：这类选项诱惑性很强，因为原因和结果都和原文相同，只是把原文的原因作为结果，结果作为原因。因此考生在原文中只要读到因果关系的时候，就一定要清楚的分辨出哪一个原因，哪一个是结果。

　　如2005年第三篇文章“Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” —the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line”. (今天研究者认为梦是人思想情绪的自动调节器，在睡眠的时候调节情绪的)And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it””

　　31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ____.

　　[A] can be modified in their courses

　　[B] are susceptible to emotional changes (易受情绪变化的影响)

　　[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears

　　[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs

　　当年很多考生都错选了B。仔细读发现，文中告诉你梦是情绪的自动调节器，就是梦影响情绪，而选项B说的是梦易受情绪变化的影响，即情绪影响梦，正好和原文的因果说反了。而该选项诱惑性很强，因为梦和情绪都是文中出现过的概念。

　　3.扩大范围：把原文范围扩大了依然是错误的，它也可以分成两类：

　　A)将原文的特指(只适用于个体)变为泛指(适用于群体)。

　　如2008年第四篇“For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” (特指黑奴制度)including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation。”

　　39. Which of the following is true according to the text?

　　[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.

　　[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.

　　[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.

　　[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution. (泛指特殊的组织)

　　B)将原文的几个条件省略为一个条件。

　　如2000年第一篇“A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. (长期的、不费力的成功史、处理得当的话可能会成为一种推动力。即三个条件推出一个结论)When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed。”

　　53. What can be inferred from the passage?

　　[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.

　　[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.

　　[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.

　　[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development. 长期的成功史会为今后的发展铺平道路。一个条件就推出结论，属于扩大范围。

　　4. 张冠李戴：也可称为偷换概念，即把原文中的一个概念变成一个新的概念，该类选项诱惑性并不是很强，考生只要仔细返回原文定位，肯定能够排除干扰。

　　如2004年第一篇“Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,” says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer (把简历寄给了雇主)and won a position as in-house counsel for a company。”

　　41. How did Redmon find his job?

　　[A] By searching openings in a job database.

　　[B] By posting a matching position in a database.

　　[C] By using a special service of a database.

　　[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database. (把简历寄给了网站数据库，很明显把employer偷换成了database)

　　5. 无中生有：选项中出现了文中没有提及的新的信息。

　　如2000年第一篇中的第三题 What can be inferred from the passage?

　　[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.

　　[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.

　　[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation. (国际合作就是一个文章从头到尾都没有出现过的新的概念)

　　[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development。